Nanoparticles characterization and potential hazard assessments

2015 ◽  
pp. 465-468 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Hazard ◽  
Hazard Assessments ◽  
Nanoparticles Characterization

Mouse-specific carcinogens: an assessment of hazard and significance for validation of short-term carcinogenicity bioassays in transgenic mice

1998 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 193-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon M Battershill ◽  
R J Fielder
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Mouse Bioassay ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Data ◽  
Potential Hazard ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Genotoxic Carcinogens ◽  
Hazard Assessments ◽  
Human Health Hazard

1 The International Conference on the Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for the Registration of Pharmaceuticals for human use (ICH) has agreed that bioassay data from only one species, the rat, supported by appropriate mutagenicity and pharmacokinetic data and also information from new (unvalidated) short term in vivo screening tests for potential carcinogenicity, could be used for the licensing of human medicines. This proposal has been supported by reviews of the utility of testing pharmaceuticals in the mouse which have concluded that the mouse bioassay contributes little to regulatory decisions. The current review was undertaken to identify `genuine' mouse-specific carcinogens using the Gold Carcinogenicity Potency Database (CPD) for the initial identification of potential mouse-specific carcinogens from published literature. Hazard assessments were completed for these chemicals with particular attention focused on the `genuine' mouse-specific carcinogens. The significance of such chemicals has been discussed together with consideration of on-going work on the validation of short-term carcinogenicity bioas-says using transgenic mice. 2 Seventy-six potential mouse specific carcinogens were identified through the Gold Carcinogenicity Potency Database. Following more detailed consideration a total of ten chemicals were excluded from further consideration (three were multispecies carcinogens, five were considered to be non-carcinogenic in the mouse, and the data for two were uninterpretable). The review focused on the remaining 66 chemicals. There was equivocal evidence of carcinogenicity to the rat for 28 chemicals and inadequate data for a further 23 chemicals. Fifteen `genuine' mouse-specific carcinogens were identified. These 15 chemicals comprise two genotoxic mouse-specific carcinogens (N-methylolacrylamide (924-42-5), 2,6-Dichloro-p-phenylenedia-mine (609-20-1); five non-genotoxic mouse-specific carcinogens 2-Aminobiphenyl.HCl (2185-92-4), Captan (133-06-2), Dieldrin (60-57-7), Diethylhexyladipate (103-23-1), and Probenicid (57-66-9); five mouse-specific carcinogens with equivocal evidence of mutagenicity were identified; (2,4-diaminophenol.2HCl (137-09-7), Dipyrone (68-89-3), Ozone (10028-15-6), Vinylidene chloride (75-35-4), and Zearalenone (17924-92-4)), and three mouse-specific carcinogens with inadequate mutagenicity data (Benzaldehyde (100-52-7), Piperonyl sulphoxide (120-62-7), Ripazepam (26308-28-1)). 3 It is suggested that the two genotoxic mouse carcinogens would have been considered as potential carcinogens in the absence of a mouse bioassay. Of the five non-genotoxic mouse-specific carcinogens; three induced tumours in mouse liver only and are considered as being of low potential hazard to human health. The remaining two chemicals would have been missed in the absence of a mouse bioassay (2-aminobiphenyl (2185-92-4) and captan (133-06-2)) and thus are good candidates for evaluation in the short term bioassays in transgenic mice currently being validated. 4 The hardest group of mouse-specific carcinogens to evaluate are those for which there is equivocal or inadequate mutagenicity data. The difficulty in evaluating these particular chemicals emphasises the need for adequate mutagenicity data in addition to adequate carcinogenicity data in order to assess potential hazards to human health. Hazard assessments and a consideration of the potential role for short-term bioassays in transgenic mice for the eight chemicals in this subgroup are presented. 5 A number of general conclusions have been derived from this review. Firstly, there are insufficient published genotoxicity data to allow a full assessment of mutagenic potential for 57/76 of the potential mouse-specific carcinogens identified from the CPD. This is surprising given the clear value of such data in interpreting bioassay results and the much greater resources required for carcinogenicity bioassays. Second, the newly proposed short-term tests in transgenic mice must be able to identify genotoxic carcinogens and this must include the very few mouse-specific genotoxic carcinogens. Third, there are relatively few non-genotoxic `genuine' mouse-specific carcinogens identifiable from the CPD, which may pose a significant human health hazard. 6 It is suggested that regulatory and industry data files for chemicals other than pharmaceuticals could be reviewed in order to ascertain the full significance of mouse only carcinogens.

Development of a Rapid Survey Method of Sampling and Analysis for Asbestos in Ambient Air

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 630-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Heffelfinger ◽  
C. W. Melton ◽  
D. L. Kiefer ◽  
W. M. Henry ◽  
R. J. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Activation ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Potential Hazard ◽  
Transmission Microscopy ◽  
Comparative Analyses ◽  
Asbestos Fibers ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Unequivocal Identification ◽  
Identification And Quantification

A methodology has been developed and demonstrated which is capable of determining total amounts of asbestos fibers and fibrils in air ranging from as low as fractional nanograms per cubic meter (ng/m3) of air to several micrograms/m3. The method involves the collection of samples on an absolute filter and provides an unequivocal identification and quantification of the total asbestos contents including fibrils in the collected samples.The developed method depends on the trituration under controlled conditions to reduce the fibers to fibrils, separation of the asbestos fibrils from other collected air particulates (beneficiation), and the use of transmission microscopy for identification and quantification. Its validity has been tested by comparative analyses by neutron activation techniques. It can supply the data needed to set emissions criteria and to serve as a basis for assessing the potential hazard for asbestos pollution to the populace.

ANALISIS KONDISI BAWAH PERMUKAAN DAN RISIKO BENCANA TANAH LONGSOR UNTUK ARAHAN PENATAAN KAWASAN DI DESA TENGKLIK KECAMATAN TAWANGMANGU KABUPATEN KARANGANYAR JAWA TENGAH

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heru Sri Naryanto
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Geographic Information System ◽  
Regional Planning ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Landslide Risk ◽  
Potential Hazard ◽  
Volcanic Deposits ◽  
Steep Topography ◽  
Steep Slopes

Karanganyar District is a hilly area with steep slopes, rock constituent of young volcanic deposits of Lawu Volcano products, thick soil and relatively high rainfall, so it is potential for large landslides in this region. The landuse in the Karanganyar District including the Tengklik Village is generally dominated by rice fields, seasonal gardens and settlements. Plantation made up in areas with steep topography has great influence on erosion and landslides. Similarly, many settlements are built on a slope so that the area is very vulnerable to the threat of landslides. In the rainy season landslides are common. The potential hazard of landslidesoccurred in 14 sub districts in Karanganyar District. Large landslides have occurred in Karanganyar on December 26, 2007 which claimed the lives of 62 people, with the greatest victims were in the Ledoksari Village, Tawangmangu. The Tengklik Village has already experienced creep type landslides, which have destroyed settlements, roads, seasonalgardens and all existing infrastructure in the area. In order to do the proper handling and anticipation of a catastrophic landslide, a variety of technological applications landslides using geographic information system (GIS) was then carried out, to detect the configuration of 2D geoelectrical subsurface prone areas for landslide risk study and regional planning.

‘No-one knows where you are’: Veterinary perceptions regarding safety and risk when alone and on-call

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Irwin ◽  
Janika Vikman ◽  
Hannah Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Safety Climate ◽  
Potential Hazard ◽  
Personal Safety ◽  
Out Of Hours ◽  
Remote Locations ◽  
High Workload ◽  
Quantitative Results ◽  
Large Animals

Background: Veterinary work is considered high risk and involves working with a range of hazards including large animals, high workload and long hours. A key potential hazard is making home visits and providing out of hours emergency care where vets often work alone, without support, and must travel long distances. The current study aimed to examine UK veterinary perceptions of safety climate, lone working and on-call tasks to gain a deeper understanding of the risk and hazards involved. Method: An online mixed-methods survey was used to gather quantitative data relevant to practice safety climate, and qualitative data regarding veterinary perception of lone working and on-call work. A sample of 76 UK veterinarians were recruited.Results: The quantitative results suggest that there may be practice safety climate issues around a lack of communication and discussion pertaining to safety, particularly in terms of maintaining personal safety. Key themes within the qualitative data included feeling pressure to treat patients, dealing with difficult clients, travel concerns and feeling unsafe when meeting clients alone and in remote locations. Conclusion: These findings indicate that personal safety requires more attention and discussion within veterinary practices, and that safety protocols and requirements should be shared with clients.

Heat stress and inadequate toilet access at work places in India – a potential hazard to working women in a changing climate

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vidhya Venugopal ◽  
Rekha Shanmugam ◽  
Priscilla Johnson ◽  
Rebekah Ann Isabel Lucas ◽  
Kristina Jakobsson
Keyword(s):  
Women Workers ◽  
Informal Economy ◽  
National Level ◽  
Working Women ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Potential Hazard ◽  
Disaster Victims ◽  
Female Workers ◽  
Global Trend ◽  
Modifiable Factors

In the past few decades, increasingly blistering heat due to climate change has created more illnesses and claimed more lives worldwide, an issue mostly ignored because it's an invisible hazard and hard-to-document disaster. Victims are usually vulnerable populations, including workers exposed on a daily basis to heat, who not only suffer from heat illnesses but also from an exacerbation of existing health problems aggravated by heat and dehydration. Research has proved that heat is a higher risk for female workers, who are affected far more often than their male counterparts. India’s informal economy is dominated by the female workforce and many informal workplaces have minimal welfare facilities including toilets. One of the modifiable factors that influence workplace psychology is the lack of access to a private toilet. To avoid embarrassment or harassment, many women refrain from drinking water during the day in order to limit their trips to the toilet, a potentially deadly strategy during hot seasons which has adverse health consequences. A global trend especially in developing nations evidences a higher number of women entering the workforce. With this trend and rising temperatures, the issue is expected to escalate to significant proportions unless workplace interventions and policy level actions are taken at a national level to protect women workers.

Impacts of Vending Practices on the Microbiological Quality of Bread in the Ojoo Area of Ibadan, Oyo-State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
Oluwadara Oluwaseun Alegbeleye ◽  
Wasiu Akinloye Oyebisi Afolabi ◽  
Beatrice Oluwatoyin Opeolu ◽  
Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Bacillus Species ◽  
Potential Hazard ◽  
Safety Regulations ◽  
Bacillus Flexus ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Quality Of Food

Background: Bacterial counts in ready-to-eat foods are a key factor in assessing the microbiological quality and safety of food. Periodic assessment of the microbiological quality of food is necessary to develop a robust database and help to ensure food safety. </P><P> Methods: The bacterial contamination of a total of 336 bread samples collected from two bakeries and 10 vendors in Ojoo Area of Ibadan, Oyo-State, Nigeria (December 2014 -June 2015) was evaluated. The microbiological quality of the bread loaves was investigated using standard microbiological methods (morphological, phenotypic and molecular characterization). </P><P> Results: The results showed that the number of contaminated samples among the vended bread samples was higher than the bakery bread samples and can be summarized as Bacillus megaterium (4.30%), Staphylococcus arlettae (0.005%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (2.78%), Citrobacter freundii (2.40%), Bacillus flexus (1.64%), Bacillus species (49.59%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.12%), Pseudomonas fluorescens (0.92%), Pseudomonas species (0.045%), Escherichia coli (30.44%) Klebsiella sp. (0.040%) and Aeromonas hydrophila (3.72%). </P><P> Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that the bread samples which become contaminated after transport and handling can be considered a potential hazard to human health in the area. More stringent adherence to food safety regulations should be encouraged and enforced by the appropriate authorities. The findings of this study may be adopted to improve the hygienic conditions of bread distribution chain in the area as well as in other regions of the World.

Research on Oil Depot Safety Evaluation Based on Dow Chemical Fire and Explosion Index Assessment Method

2013 ◽  
Vol 748 ◽  
pp. 1256-1261
Author(s):  
Shou Hui He ◽  
Han Hua Zhu ◽  
Shi Dong Fan ◽  
Quan Wen
Keyword(s):  
Production Management ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Theoretical Ground ◽  
Potential Hazard ◽  
Process Unit ◽  
Safety Production ◽  
Fire And Explosion

At the present time, the Dow Chemical Fire and Explosion Index (F&EI) is a kind of risk index evaluation method that is comprehensively used in evaluating potential hazard, area of exposure, expected losses in case of fire and explosion, etc. As the research object to oil depot storage tank area, this article ultimately confirms establishing appropriate pattern of process unit as well as reasonable safety precautions compensating method, in order to insure the reasonableness of evaluating result, by means of selecting process unit, confirming material factor and compensating safety precautions, using F&EI method. This can provide the basis for theoretical ground in aspect of oil depot development and safety production management.

Vision-Based Navigation of Autonomous Vehicles in Roadway Environments with Unexpected Hazards

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (12) ◽  
pp. 494-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mhafuzul Islam ◽  
Mashrur Chowdhury ◽  
Hongda Li ◽  
Hongxin Hu
Keyword(s):  
Object Detection ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Semantic Segmentation ◽  
Steering Wheel ◽  
Potential Hazard ◽  
Driving System ◽  
Hazardous Object ◽  
Vision Based Navigation ◽  
Navigational System

Vision-based navigation of autonomous vehicles primarily depends on the deep neural network (DNN) based systems in which the controller obtains input from sensors/detectors, such as cameras, and produces a vehicle control output, such as a steering wheel angle to navigate the vehicle safely in a roadway traffic environment. Typically, these DNN-based systems in the autonomous vehicle are trained through supervised learning; however, recent studies show that a trained DNN-based system can be compromised by perturbation or adverse inputs. Similarly, this perturbation can be introduced into the DNN-based systems of autonomous vehicles by unexpected roadway hazards, such as debris or roadblocks. In this study, we first introduce a hazardous roadway environment that can compromise the DNN-based navigational system of an autonomous vehicle, and produce an incorrect steering wheel angle, which could cause crashes resulting in fatality or injury. Then, we develop a DNN-based autonomous vehicle driving system using object detection and semantic segmentation to mitigate the adverse effect of this type of hazard, which helps the autonomous vehicle to navigate safely around such hazards. We find that our developed DNN-based autonomous vehicle driving system, including hazardous object detection and semantic segmentation, improves the navigational ability of an autonomous vehicle to avoid a potential hazard by 21% compared with the traditional DNN-based autonomous vehicle driving system.

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