Characterization Methods for the Determination of Inhalation Exposure to Airborne Nanomaterials

2014 ◽  
pp. 54-75
Keyword(s):  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Characterization Methods

scholarly journals Photocatalytic Activity: Experimental Features to Report in Heterogeneous Photocatalysis

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Hoque ◽  
Marcelo Guzman
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Monochromatic Light ◽  
Heterogeneous Photocatalysis ◽  
Research Articles ◽  
Quantum Yields ◽  
Characterization Methods ◽  
Valuable Data ◽  
Photocatalytic Activities ◽  
Scientific Papers

Heterogeneous photocatalysis is a prominent area of research with major applications in solar energy conversion, air pollution mitigation, and removal of contaminants from water. A large number of scientific papers related to the photocatalysis field and its environmental applications are published in different journals specializing in materials and nanomaterials. However, many problems exist in the conception of papers by authors unfamiliar with standard characterization methods of photocatalysts as well as with the procedures needed to determine photocatalytic activities based on the determination of “apparent quantum efficiencies” within a wavelength interval or “apparent quantum yields” in the case of using monochromatic light. In this regard, an astonishing number of recent research articles include claims of highly efficient (photo)catalysts or similar terms about materials with superior or enhanced efficiency for a given reaction without proper experimental support. Consequently, the comparison of the efficiencies of photocatalysts may result as being meaningless, especially when reports are only based on expressions determining (1) a reaction rate per weight of catalyst or its surface area, (2) quantum efficiencies or quantum yields, and (3) turnover frequencies or turnover numbers. Herein, we summarize the standards needed for reporting valuable data in photocatalysis and highlight some common discrepancies found in the literature. This work should inform researchers interested in reporting photocatalysis projects about the correct procedures for collecting experimental data and properly characterizing the materials by providing examples and key supporting literature.

Development of a hydrogen cyanide inhalation exposure system and determination of the inhaled median lethal dose in the swine model

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jillian M. Staugler ◽  
Michael C. Babin ◽  
M. Claire Matthews ◽  
Matthew K. Brittain ◽  
Mark R. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Swine Model ◽  
Exposure System ◽  
Median Lethal Dose

Extensions of Electron Diffraction Based Techniques in Crystallographic Characterization

2013 ◽  
Vol 753 ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
Liang Zuo ◽  
Zong Bin Li ◽  
Yu Dong Zhang ◽  
Claude Esling ◽  
Xiang Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Interface Plane ◽  
Data Input ◽  
Specific Level ◽  
Characterization Methods ◽  
Burgers Vector ◽  
Observation Plane ◽  
Dislocation Type

Abstract. With the advance of electron diffraction techniques in individual orientation analysis, traditional crystallographic characterization methods could be simplified, thus offering chances to develop some new approaches. In recent years, our group has devoted to working on possible extensions of the SEM and TEM based techniques for crystallographic analyses on a microstructure- and orientation-specific level. Several methods are illustrated in this paper, including the determination of dislocation type and Burgers vector without recourse to the traditional g.b invisibility condition, the identification of twinning mode and complete twinning elements for any crystal symmetry that requires minimum initial data input, and the characterization of specific interface plane or slip plane using only one sample observation plane instead of two perpendicular sample planes. These new extensions of characterization methods have proven to facilitate the related microstructural examinations.

scholarly journals The Impact of Surficial Biochar Treatment on Acute H2S Emissions during Swine Manure Agitation before Pump-Out: Proof-of-the-Concept

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 940 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baitong Chen ◽  
Jacek A. Koziel ◽  
Andrzej Białowiec ◽  
Myeongseong Lee ◽  
Hantian Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Swine Manure ◽  
Carbonaceous Material ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Total Emission ◽  
Initial State ◽  
H2s Emission ◽  
The Impact

Acute releases of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are of serious concern in agriculture, especially when farmers agitate manure to empty storage pits before land application. Agitation can cause the release of dangerously high H2S concentrations, resulting in human and animal fatalities. To date, there is no proven technology to mitigate these short-term releases of toxic gas from manure. In our previous research, we have shown that biochar, a highly porous carbonaceous material, can float on manure and mitigate gaseous emissions over extended periods (days–weeks). In this research, we aim to test the hypothesis that biochar can mitigate H2S emissions over short periods (minutes–hours) during and shortly after manure agitation. The objective was to conduct proof-of-the-concept experiments simulating the treatment of agitated manure. Two biochars, highly alkaline and porous (HAP, pH 9.2) made from corn stover and red oak (RO, pH 7.5), were tested. Three scenarios (setups): Control (no biochar), 6 mm, and 12 mm thick layers of biochar were surficially-applied to the manure. Each setup experienced 3 min of manure agitation. Real-time concentrations of H2S were measured immediately before, during, and after agitation until the concentration returned to the initial state. The results were compared with those of the Control using the following three metrics: (1) the maximum (peak) flux, (2) total emission from the start of agitation until the concentration stabilized, and (3) the total emission during the 3 min of agitation. The Gompertz’s model for determination of the cumulative H2S emission kinetics was developed. Here, 12 mm HAP biochar treatment reduced the peak (1) by 42.5% (p = 0.125), reduced overall total emission (2) by 17.9% (p = 0.290), and significantly reduced the total emission during 3 min agitation (3) by 70.4%. Further, 6 mm HAP treatment reduced the peak (1) by 60.6%, and significantly reduced overall (2) and 3 min agitation’s (3) total emission by 64.4% and 66.6%, respectively. Moreover, 12 mm RO biochar treatment reduced the peak (1) by 23.6%, and significantly reduced overall (2) and 3 min total (3) emission by 39.3% and 62.4%, respectively. Finally, 6 mm RO treatment significantly reduced the peak (1) by 63%, overall total emission (2) by 84.7%, and total emission during 3 min agitation (3) by 67.4%. Biochar treatments have the potential to reduce the risk of inhalation exposure to H2S. Both 6 and 12 mm biochar treatments reduced the peak H2S concentrations below the General Industrial Peak Limit (OSHA PEL, 50 ppm). The 6 mm biochar treatments reduced the H2S concentrations below the General Industry Ceiling Limit (OSHA PEL, 20 ppm). Research scaling up to larger manure volumes and longer agitation is warranted.

Simultaneous Determination of Dopamine, Serotonin and Their Metabolites in the Rat Brain by HPLC Method with Coulometric Detection

2000 ◽  
Vol 65 (10) ◽  
pp. 1677-1682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcela Bielavská ◽  
Jiří Kassa
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Simultaneous Determination ◽  
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Disodium Salt ◽  
Total Recovery

A rapid and sensitive method for simultaneous determination of 3-hydroxytyramine (dopamine), 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) and their metabolites - 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3-methoxytyramine, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylacetic acid (homovanillic acid) and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid in the rat brain was developed. Brain samples with the internal standard and heparin were deproteinized by perchloric acid with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt and sodium sulfite. Following homogenization, centrifugation and filtration, the supernatant was directly injected into a reversed-phase HPLC system with coulometric detector. The response of the detected substances was linear in the range 12-700 ng/g of cerebellum homogenate (24-1 400 pg on column). Total recovery of the method was higher than 95%. The method was used for the determination of catecholamines and their metabolites in the chosen part of rat brain following the inhalation exposure to sarin (organophosphate).

Visual Determination of Potential Dermal and Inhalation Exposure Using Allura Red As an Environmentally Friendly Pesticide Surrogate

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 3882-3889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidong Cao ◽  
Chong Cao ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
Xiuhuan Li ◽  
Zhaolu Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Allura Red

Determination of Dynamic Forces From Wave Motion Measurements

1986 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Michaels ◽  
Yih-Hsing Pao
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Data ◽  
Wave Motion ◽  
Deconvolution Method ◽  
Source Characterization ◽  
Characterization Methods ◽  
Earthquake Sources ◽  
Dynamic Forces ◽  
Time Histories ◽  
Motion Measurements

An experimental method has been developed for generating oblique forces with known orientations and time histories. Recorded signals from several forces were analyzed by an iterative deconvolution method to determine their orientations and time histories. The recovered values agree closely with the exact ones for these controlled sources. These experiments are a valuable test of source characterization methods that may be applied to seismic data from earthquake sources or to signals recorded from the acoustic emission of cracks.

scholarly journals Determination of naphthalen-1-yl-(1-pentylindol-3-yl)methanone (JWH-018) in mouse blood and tissue after inhalation exposure to ‘buzz’ smoke by HPLC/MS/MS

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 1393-1398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin L. Poklis ◽  
Dorra Amira ◽  
Laura E. Wise ◽  
Jason M. Wiebelhaus ◽  
Brenda J. Haggerty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Mouse Blood
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