Health and regulatory aspects of calcium and magnesium in drinking water

2014 ◽  
pp. 149-160
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Regulatory Aspects ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium

scholarly journals HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF THE QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER AND RISKS FOR THE HEALTH OF THE POPULATION OF THE PRIMORYE TERRITORY

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel F. Kiku ◽  
L. V. Kislitsyna ◽  
V. D. Bogdanova ◽  
K. M. Sabirova
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Risk Profile ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
The Individual

Ntroduction. The assessment of water quality and safety of centralized water supply systems in the Primorsky Krai was carried out in order to assess hygiene levels of public health risks associated with drinking water from the distribution network. Material and methods. The data of laboratory studies on sanitary and chemical parameters in drinking water of the distribution network of the Primorsky region were used. Hygienic assessment of drinking water was carried out according to regulatory requirements, the effect of summation of biological effect was calculated. The work used methodological recommendations for calculating the index of chemical water pollution and the utility coefficient, as well as a guide for assessing the health risks of the population when exposed to chemicals of a non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic nature. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were calculated for all potable water of centralized water supply based on the average daily intake dose and the reference dose of chemicals supplied with drinking water. The risk profile for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects was achieved by comparing exposure levels with reference concentrations (safe) for human health. The risk profile for the combined effects of chemical compounds is based on the calculation of the hazard index (HI). A study on carcinogenic risk was carried out for substances that are identified as carcinogens according to the classification of an international agency for the study of cancer. For the analysis and statistical processing of information, the program "MS Excel" was used. Results. An assessment of the sanitary and epidemiological safety of centralized systems of domestic and drinking water supply in the region showed that the highest contribution to poor health is made by the content of arsenic, nitrates, iron, silicon, and petroleum products in drinking water. According to the values of hazard indices, the skin and mucous membranes, the central nervous system, the immune system, the endocrine system, the circulatory and digestive organs are exposed to adverse effects from chemicals in drinking water. The individual carcinogenic risk ranges from negligibly small to the upper limit of acceptable carcinogenic risk. Assessment of the potable water value indicator revealed a deficit situation in calcium, sodium, fluorine and general mineralization of water. The risk assessment for arsenic, tetrachlorethylene, and chloroform, which have carcinogenic properties and are the most important pollutants of drinking water, has shown that the individual risk levels for these substances are within the first and second ranges, which corresponds to the allowable and maximum allowable risk. Discussion. Arsenic concentration in adults was found to be not detected with risks greater than one, while for children, the non-carcinogenic risk from arsenic exceeded the level of safe exposure (HQ> 1), because children are more susceptible to toxic substances due to their relatively large volume of respiration and the rate of gastrointestinal absorption (due to greater permeability of the intestinal epithelium), and also due to the immature system of detoxification enzymes and a relatively lower rate of excretion of toxic chemicals. According to the level of non-carcinogenic risk for children, nitrates follow arsenic. Nitrates have a hypoxic effect, increasing the concentration of the irreversible form of hemoglobin - methemoglobin. The toxicity of nitrates is related to their transformation into the human body into nitrosamines. As a result, the child's organism responds more sharply than in adults to the presence of chemicals in the water. The general mineralization of drinking water is one of the integral index of the quality of drinking water. Calcium and magnesium deficiency can be an independent risk factor for the development of various diseases and manifest pathologies of the cardiovascular system: coronary heart disease, hypertensive disease, myocardial infarction, etc. The tap water is known to be is not overloaded with carbonates, since they can lead to spoilage of water pipes. Therefore, to enrich the water with calcium and magnesium, the technology of creating bottled water uses mineral additives, which means that such water can become an additional source of minerals. Conclusion. Sanitary and hygienic assessment of centralized systems of domestic and drinking water supply in the Primorsky Territory has shown that the quality of drinking water depends on the concentration of arsenic, nitrates, iron, silicon and petroleum products. It should be noted that with the daily use of water from the distribution network throughout life, the likelihood of developing harmful effects on the health of adults and children is insignificant.

scholarly journals Effects on egg production and quality of supplementing drinking water with calcium and magnesium

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-476
Author(s):  
X.J. Yi ◽  
A. Rehman ◽  
R.W. Akhtar ◽  
A. Abbas ◽  
K. Hussain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Eggshell Colour ◽  
Haugh Unit

This study was conducted to appraise the effects on egg quality and production performance of laying hens when drinking water was supplemented with calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). A total of 384 (64-week-old) Hy-line Brown laying hens were assigned at random to four treatments, which consisted of CON: unsupplemented drinking water; T1: drinking water + 2 mg/L Ca + 250 mg/L Mg; T2: drinking water + 4 mg/L Ca + 510 mg/L Mg /10 L; and T3: drinking water + 5 mg/L Ca and 760 mg/L Mg. The experiment lasted six weeks. Water intake increased linearly in week 1 with the rising levels of Ca and Mg in the drinking water. Increasing the Ca and Mg levels improved eggshell strength (week 2 (P =0.01), week 5 (P =0.01), and week 6 (P = 0.03), and eggshell thickness (week 6) (P =0.02) and reduced the rate at which eggs were broken (week 4) (P =0.01). The supplemental Ca and Mg did not affect egg production, egg weight, Haugh unit, albumen height, eggshell colour, and yolk colour compared with CON. Nor did they influence the Haugh unit and albumen height after storing for 1, 5, 10 and 15 days. In conclusion, adding Ca and Mg to the drinking water increased the thickness and strength of the eggshells.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL HYGIENIC ESTIMATION OF CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN DRINKING WATER, AND ITS HARDNESS

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (8) ◽  
pp. 811-819
Author(s):  
E. M. Trofimovich ◽  
S. A. Nedovesova ◽  
Roman I. Aizman
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Plasma Magnesium

Introduction. The lack of hygienic norms for Mg2+ and Ca2+ in drinking water and the wide ranges of acceptable hygienic norms (AHN) of these cations in water packaged in containers determine the relevance of experimental studies on the substantiation of AHN of Mg2+, Ca2+ and the hardness of drinking water with a centralized water supply to the population. Material and methods. Chronic experiments were performed on 5 groups of adult Wistar rats (n = 50): control animals received drinking water (Ca2+ 20.0; Mg2+ 6.0 mg / dm3, hardness 1.5-1.8 mEq/dm3); four other groups received model drinking water with different contents of Ca2+ (50, 80, 100 and 140 mg/dm3) and Mg2+ (20, 40, 55 and 85 mg/dm3) by adding CaCl2 or MgSO4 salts to the control water. The effect of these drinking water samples on kidney function, ion osmotic blood parameters, plasma metabolites of lipid and protein metabolism, as well as the concentration of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and cortisol were studied. Results. Prolonged action of increased concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on the organism was established to cause alterations in fat metabolism, the adaptive activation of osmoregulatory and ion regulatory kidney functions, increasing the concentration of thyroid hormones and a decrease of cortisol titer in plasma. Magnesium led to more pronounced changes in water-salt metabolism, and at a concentration of 85.0 mg/dm3 (7.0 mg-Eq/dm3) - to depletion of secretion of the described hormones. Conclusion. Based on the obtained results, individual ranges for AHN of calcium and magnesium concentrations in water were recommended. The upper limit of AHN of drinking water total hardness is of 7.0 mg-Eq/dm3 at the joint presence of Ca2+and Mg2+. The rule of hygienic qualitative and quantitative estimation of calcium and magnesium types of drinking water hardness is formulated.

STUDIES CONCERNING THE DETERMINATION OF CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM IONS IN THE DUMBRAVITA AREA DRINKING WATER (FOUNTAIN WATER)

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-24
Author(s):  
Aurica Pop ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Photometric Method ◽  
Magnesium Ions ◽  
Precise Analysis ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium Ions

The paper showcases research conducted with the purpose of determining the Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions in the drinking water (fountain water) of a common household located in Dumbravita, Maramures County, Romania. The photometric method was used for this goal, as well as a Calcium and Magnesium Photometer. This study argues about implementing cost efficient techniques and precise analysis in order to determine Ca and Mg ions in the water samples.

A New Technology to Prevent the Formation of Limescale in Hot Water Supply Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 841 ◽  
pp. 36-40
Author(s):  
Mardan Jalilov ◽  
Ayten Jalilova ◽  
Gulnar Feyziyeva ◽  
Makhanim Azimova
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Hot Water Supply ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Supply Systems

Given that the quality of water supplied to hot water supply systems must meet drinking water requirements, it is also important that the water preparation process is of great importance. The quality of that water is also important in terms of preventing the formation of heat in hot water systems. It is known that the main cause of the formation of water is the presence of calcium and magnesium cations and bicarbonate and sulfate anions in water. The traditional methods for preventing the limescale include the combination of calcium and magnesium cations from the water and replacing them with cations that are not easy to resolve at high temperatures. The quality of water treated by these methods does not meet drinking water requirements. Taking these into account, the Cl-anionizationprocess of drinking water has been developed in high-tech anionite technology. According to this technology, the first water from the city water gridis processed through anionite and activated carbon filters, which are mechanically charged with high anionite. The treated water is then cleaned out of microbes and bacteria through the ultraviolet disinfection equipment and delivered to the operator according to the quality requirements for drinking water. In the chlorine-anionization process, most of the sulfate and bicarbonate anions in water change to chlorine anions and their solidity remains constant. Thus, the density of the limescale-forming anions in the water decreases sharply and it meets the quality indicators of drinking water. High-grade anionite in the filter (8÷12) is regenerated by NaCl solution. The filtration rate of the solution from the anionite is determined depending on the concentration of calcium cations contained in the salt given for regeneration. Regeneration mode is such that the CaCO3 combination does not crumble when the anionite layer is formed. It is known that the temperature of the heated water in the hot water supply system does not exceed (60÷70)°C. In this case, the decomposition of limescale at Hc<2 mg-eq/l (carbonate hardness) is not observed. As carbonate hardness increases to 4 mg/l, the thin layer in the system shows a collapse. The basic element of the proposed technological schemeCl-anionite filter was applied at ADA University in Baku and positive results were obtained. Early observed collapse of pipes has been prevented and the working regime of hot water heaters has improved. A high-performance anionite such as A200EMBCl, which is a major ingredient of the UK's Purelite, and then the Russian-made AB-17-8 high-anionite anions have been used on the device.

scholarly journals Calcium and Magnesium in Drinking Water and Risk of Death from Colon Cancer

1997 ◽  
Vol 88 (10) ◽  
pp. 928-933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Yuh Yang ◽  
Hui-Fen Chiu ◽  
Jeng-Fen Chiu ◽  
Shang-Shyue Tsai ◽  
Ming-Fen Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium

Central water softening: customer comfort is relevant in new WHO view

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martijn Groenendijk ◽  
Stephan van de Wetering ◽  
Ruud van Nieuwenhuijze
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Customer Satisfaction ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Who Guidelines ◽  
Water Softening ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium

The effects and implications of the hardness of drinking water have been intensively discussed for some years. Preventive properties have been attributed to calcium and magnesium in connection with cardiovascular disease. More recently the discussion resumed in advance of the new WHO guidelines that will deal with desalination of drinking water obtained from brackish or salt water. The outcome of these discussions will impact on water supply companies that have decided to apply central softening for reasons of customer comfort. This paper describes the strategy adopted by Brabant Water in relation to water softening and customer satisfaction and the significance of the WHO guidelines.

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