Assessing acceptable risks in design

2000 ◽  
pp. 20-31
Keyword(s):  
Acceptable Risks

scholarly journals Evaluation of Highly Detectable Pesticides Sprayed in Brassica napus L.: Degradation Behavior and Risk Assessment for Honeybees

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 2482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhou Tong ◽  
Jinsheng Duan ◽  
Yancan Wu ◽  
Qiongqiong Liu ◽  
Qibao He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Degradation Behavior ◽  
Quechers Method ◽  
Exposure Risk ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Acceptable Risks ◽  
Contact Exposure ◽  
Colony Loss

Honeybees are major pollinators of agricultural crops and many other plants in natural ecosystems alike. In recent years, managed honeybee colonies have decreased rapidly. The application of pesticides is hypothesized to be an important route leading to colony loss. Herein, a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method was used to determine eight highly detectable pesticides (carbendazim, prochloraz, pyrimethanil, fenpropathrin, chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, and acetamiprid) in rape flowers. A field experiment was conducted at the recommended dose to evaluate the contact exposure risk posed to honeybees for 0–14 days after treatment. The initial residue deposits of neonicotinoids and fungicides among these compounds were 0.4–1.3 mg/kg and 11.7–32.3 mg/kg, respectively, and 6.4 mg/kg for fenpropathrin and 4.2 mg/kg for chlorpyrifos. The risk was quantified using the flower hazard quotient (FHQ) value. According to the data, we considered imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, chlorpyrifos, fenpropathrin, and prochloraz to pose an unacceptable risk to honeybees after spraying in fields, while fungicides (carbendazim and pyrimethanil) and acetamiprid posed moderate or acceptable risks to honeybees. Therefore, acetamiprid can be used instead of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam to protect rape from some insects in agriculture, and the application of prochloraz should be reduced.

scholarly journals Combining probability distributions of sea level variations and wave run-up to evaluate coastal flooding risks

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulpu Leijala ◽  
Jan-Victor Björkqvist ◽  
Milla M. Johansson ◽  
Havu Pellikka ◽  
Lauri Laakso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Joint Effect ◽  
Mean Sea Level ◽  
Safety Margins ◽  
Acceptable Risks ◽  
Flooding Hazards ◽  
Sea Level Variations ◽  
Run Up

Abstract. Tools for estimating probabilities of flooding hazards caused by the simultaneous effect of sea level and waves are needed for the secure planning of densely populated coastal areas that are strongly vulnerable to climate change. In this paper we present a method for combining location-specific probability distributions of three different components: (1) long-term mean sea level change, (2) short-term sea level variations, and (3) wind-generated waves. We apply the method in two locations in the Helsinki Archipelago to obtain run-up level estimates representing the joint effect of the still water level and the wave run-up. These estimates for the present, 2050 and 2100 are based on field measurements and mean sea level scenarios. In the case of our study locations, the significant locational variability of the wave conditions leads to a difference in the safe building levels of up to one meter. The rising mean sea level in the Gulf of Finland and the uncertainty related to the associated scenarios contribute significantly to the run-up levels for the year 2100. We also present a sensitivity test of the method and discuss its applicability to other coastal regions. Our approach allows for the determining of different building levels based on the acceptable risks for various infrastructure, thus reducing building costs while maintaining necessary safety margins.

Complications of invasive subdural grid monitoring in children with epilepsy

2003 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 1017-1026 ◽  
Author(s):  
Çagatay Önal ◽  
Hiroshi Otsubo ◽  
Takashi Araki ◽  
Shiro Chitoku ◽  
Ayako Ochi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intractable Epilepsy ◽  
Intracerebral Hematoma ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Acceptable Risks ◽  
Grid Monitoring ◽  
Superficial Wound ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks ◽  
Sick Children ◽  
Fine Print

Object. This study was performed to evaluate the complications of invasive subdural grid monitoring during epilepsy surgery in children. Methods. The authors retrospectively reviewed the records of 35 consecutive children with intractable localization-related epilepsy who underwent invasive video electroencephalography (EEG) with subdural grid electrodes at The Hospital for Sick Children between 1996 and 2001. After subdural grid monitoring and identification of the epileptic regions, cortical excisions and/or multiple subpial transections (MSTs) were performed. Complications after these procedures were then categorized as either surgical or neurological. There were 17 male and 18 female patients whose mean age was 11.7 years. The duration of epilepsy before surgery ranged from 2 to 17 years (mean 8.3 years). Fifteen children (43%) had previously undergone surgical procedures for epilepsy. The number of electrodes on the grids ranged from 40 to 117 (mean 95). During invasive video EEG, cerebrospinal fluid leaks occurred in seven patients. Also, cerebral edema (five patients), subdural hematoma (five patients), and intracerebral hematoma (three patients) were observed on postprocedural imaging studies but did not require surgical intervention. Hypertrophic scars on the scalp were observed in nine patients. There were three infections, including one case of osteomyelitis and two superficial wound infections. Blood loss and the amounts of subsequent transfusions correlated directly with the size and number of electrodes on the grids (p < 0.001). Twenty-eight children derived significant benefit from cortical resections and MSTs, with a more than 50% reduction of seizures and a mean follow-up period of 30 months. Conclusions. The results of this study indicate that carefully selected pediatric patients with intractable epilepsy can benefit from subdural invasive monitoring procedures that entail definite but acceptable risks.

Acceptable Risks

CHANCE ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-48
Author(s):  
Samuel A. Bozzette
Keyword(s):  
Acceptable Risks

Intracisternal recombinant tissue plasminogen activator after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

1991 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Max Findlay ◽  
Bryce K. A. Weir ◽  
Neal F. Kassell ◽  
Lew B. Disney ◽  
Michael G. A. Grace
Keyword(s):  
Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Tissue Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Aneurysm Rupture ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Symptomatic Vasospasm ◽  
Acceptable Risks ◽  
Tissue Plasminogen ◽  
Fine Print

✓ Fifteen patients undergoing surgery within 48 hours of aneurysm rupture were administered recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) directly into the basal subarachnoid cisterns after minimal surgical clot removal and aneurysm clipping. Preoperatively, 13 patients had diffuse or localized thick subarachnoid blood clots on computerized tomography (CT), and two had diffuse thin clots. The rt-PA was given as a single intraoperative injection of 7.5 mg (one patient), 10 mg (nine patients), or 15 mg (five patients). Postoperative cisternal drainage was employed in three patients. All patients except one demonstrated partial to complete cisternal clot clearance on CT scans within 24 hours after surgery. The patient who showed no clot reduction was the only patient in this series to develop symptomatic vasospasm and was the only fatality, dying 8 days after rupture. No vasospasm was seen on follow-up cerebral angiography in six of the 14 responding patients, and mild-to-moderate arterial narrowing was seen in at least one major cerebral artery in the remaining eight patients. Severe angiographic vasospasm was not seen, although the patient who died did not undergo repeat angiography. There was one major complication early in the series which seemed clearly related to treatment, and that was a large extradural hematoma occurring within several hours of craniotomy. Intrathecal fibrinolytic treatment appears effective in clearing subarachnoid clot and reducing vasospasm, and may be associated with acceptable risks if given to patients with large-volume subarachnoid hemorrhages at high risk for severe vasospasm.

scholarly journals Personalizing Medical Treatment Decisions: Integrating Meta-analytic Treatment Comparisons with Patient-Specific Risks and Preferences

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 998-1009
Author(s):  
Christopher Weyant ◽  
Margaret L. Brandeau ◽  
Sanjay Basu
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Treatment Decisions ◽  
Personalized Treatment ◽  
Patient Treatment ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Treatment Preferences ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Risk Estimates ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Acceptable Risks

Background. Network meta-analyses (NMAs) that compare treatments for a given condition allow physicians to identify which treatments have higher or lower probabilities of reducing the risks of disease complications or increasing the risks of treatment side effects. Translating these data into personalized treatment plans requires integration of NMA data with patient-specific pretreatment risk estimates and preferences regarding treatment objectives and acceptable risks. Methods. We introduce a modeling framework to integrate data probabilistically from NMAs with data on individualized patient risk estimates for disease outcomes, treatment preferences (such as willingness to incur greater side effects for increased life expectancy), and risk preferences. We illustrate the modeling framework by creating personalized plans for antipsychotic drug treatment and evaluating their effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. Results. Compared with treating all patients with the drug that yields the greatest quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) on average (amisulpride), personalizing the selection of antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia patients over the next 5 years would be expected to yield 0.33 QALYs (95% credible interval [crI]: 0.30–0.37) per patient at an incremental cost of $4849/QALY gained (95% crI: dominant–$12,357), versus 0.29 and 0.04 QALYs per patient when accounting for only risks or preferences, respectively, but not both. Limitations. The analysis uses a linear, additive utility function to reflect patient treatment preferences and does not consider potential variations in patient time discounting. Conclusions. Our modeling framework rigorously computes what physicians normally have to do mentally. By integrating 3 key components of personalized medicine—evidence on efficacy, patient risks, and patient preferences—the modeling framework can provide personalized treatment decisions to improve patient health outcomes.

scholarly journals A Case Study on Improving Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Services Reliability: By Using Process Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (PFMEA)

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taraneh Yousefinezhadi ◽  
Farnaz Attar Jannesar Nobari ◽  
Faranak Behzadi Goodari ◽  
Mohammad Arab
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Human Error ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Acceptable Risks ◽  
Process Failure ◽  
Potential Failure ◽  
Fmea Method

<p><strong>INTRODUCTION:</strong> In any complex human system, human error is inevitable and shows that can’t be eliminated by blaming wrong doers. So with the aim of improving Intensive Care Units (ICU) reliability in hospitals, this research tries to identify and analyze ICU’s process failure modes at the point of systematic approach to errors.</p><p><strong>METHODS:</strong> In this descriptive research, data was gathered qualitatively by observations, document reviews, and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with the process owners in two selected ICUs in Tehran in 2014. But, data analysis was quantitative, based on failures’ Risk Priority Number (RPN) at the base of Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) method used.<strong> </strong>Besides, some causes of failures were analyzed by qualitative Eindhoven Classification Model (ECM).</p><p><strong>RESULTS:</strong> Through<strong> </strong>FMEA methodology, 378 potential failure modes from 180 ICU activities in hospital A and 184 potential failures from 99 ICU activities in hospital B were identified and evaluated. Then with 90% reliability (RPN≥100), totally 18 failures in hospital A and 42<strong> </strong>ones in hospital B were identified as non-acceptable risks and then their causes were analyzed by ECM.</p><p><strong>CONCLUSIONS</strong>: Applying of modified PFMEA for improving two selected ICUs’ processes reliability in two different kinds of hospitals shows that this method empowers staff to identify, evaluate, prioritize and analyze all potential failure modes and also make them eager to identify their causes, recommend corrective actions and even participate in improving process without feeling blamed by top management. Moreover, by combining FMEA and ECM, team members can easily identify failure causes at the point of health care perspectives.</p>

scholarly journals Retrograde Endovascular Approach for Treating Unruptured Basilar Apex Aneurysms: Two Case Reports and Review of Literature

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (02) ◽  
pp. 128-132
Author(s):  
Marcus Rotta ◽  
Guilherme Dias ◽  
André Rezende ◽  
Felix Pahl ◽  
Matheus Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vertebral Artery ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Retrograde Approach ◽  
Endovascular Technique ◽  
Vertebral Arteries ◽  
First Case ◽  
Acceptable Risks ◽  
Endovascular Approach

Background Treatment of target lesions when parent vessels are injured or diseased may be quite difficult. Moret et al have proposed an endovascular technique based on retrograde transcirculation approach through communicating vessels. Methods We report on the first Brazilian experience with retrograde endovascular approach, to the best of our knowledge. Results The two cases illustrate difficult anterograde approach techniques to treat basilar apex aneurysms. In the first case, tortuosity and angulation of both vertebral arteries associated to stenosis did not allow an anterograde approach. In the second case, after a SAH of a basilar apex aneurysm treated more than a decade ago with bilateral vertebral artery trapping, the patient underwent a retrograde approach. Conclusion For this approach, follow-up data are still lacking and complications are usually more common than in anterograde approach. Nevertheless, in select cases, it may be applied by experienced hands with acceptable risks when no other treatment option (surgical or endovascular) is available.

The Handling of Acceptable Risks

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 629-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter G. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Acceptable Risks
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