scholarly journals Evaluation of Highly Detectable Pesticides Sprayed in Brassica napus L.: Degradation Behavior and Risk Assessment for Honeybees

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 2482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhou Tong ◽  
Jinsheng Duan ◽  
Yancan Wu ◽  
Qiongqiong Liu ◽  
Qibao He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Degradation Behavior ◽  
Quechers Method ◽  
Exposure Risk ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Acceptable Risks ◽  
Contact Exposure ◽  
Colony Loss

Honeybees are major pollinators of agricultural crops and many other plants in natural ecosystems alike. In recent years, managed honeybee colonies have decreased rapidly. The application of pesticides is hypothesized to be an important route leading to colony loss. Herein, a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method was used to determine eight highly detectable pesticides (carbendazim, prochloraz, pyrimethanil, fenpropathrin, chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, and acetamiprid) in rape flowers. A field experiment was conducted at the recommended dose to evaluate the contact exposure risk posed to honeybees for 0–14 days after treatment. The initial residue deposits of neonicotinoids and fungicides among these compounds were 0.4–1.3 mg/kg and 11.7–32.3 mg/kg, respectively, and 6.4 mg/kg for fenpropathrin and 4.2 mg/kg for chlorpyrifos. The risk was quantified using the flower hazard quotient (FHQ) value. According to the data, we considered imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, chlorpyrifos, fenpropathrin, and prochloraz to pose an unacceptable risk to honeybees after spraying in fields, while fungicides (carbendazim and pyrimethanil) and acetamiprid posed moderate or acceptable risks to honeybees. Therefore, acetamiprid can be used instead of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam to protect rape from some insects in agriculture, and the application of prochloraz should be reduced.

scholarly journals Extraction and Quantification of Sulforaphane and Indole-3-Carbinol from Rapeseed Tissues Using QuEChERS Coupled with UHPLC-MS/MS

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 2149
Author(s):  
Xu Yu ◽  
Fei Ma ◽  
Liangxiao Zhang ◽  
Peiwu Li
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Pharmacological Effects ◽  
Quechers Method ◽  
Extraction Condition ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Purification Efficiency ◽  
Extraction And Purification

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is rich in phenols, vitamins, carotenoids, and mineral elements, such as selenium. Additionally, it contains the active ingredients sulforaphane and indole-3-carbinol, which have been demonstrated to have pharmacological effects. In this study, sulforaphane and indole-3-carbinol were extracted and quantified from rapeseeds using quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method coupled with ultra high performance liquid chromarography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The major parameters for extraction and purification efficiency were optimized, including the hydrolysis reaction, extraction condition and type and amount of purification adsorbents. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) for sulforaphane were 0.05 μg/kg and 0.15 μg/kg, and for indole-3-carbinol were 5 μg/kg and 15 μg/kg, respectively. The developed method was used to successfully analyze fifty rapeseed samples. The QuEChERS coupled with UHPLC-MS/MS simultaneously detect sulforaphane and indole-3-carbinol in vegetable matrix and evaluate the quality and nutrition of rapeseed samples.

scholarly journals Viral shedding and transmission after natural infection and vaccination in an animal model of SARS-CoV-2 propagation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Jutta Zeiss ◽  
Jennifer L Asher ◽  
Brent J Vander Wyk ◽  
Heather G Allore ◽  
Susan J Compton
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Immune Protection ◽  
Threshold Values ◽  
Exposure Risk ◽  
Initial Infection ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Natural Exposure ◽  
Contact Exposure

At present, global immunity to SARS-CoV-2 resides within a heterogeneous combination of susceptible, naturally infected and vaccinated individuals. The extent to which viral shedding and transmission occurs on re-exposure to SARS-CoV-2 after prior natural exposure or vaccination is an emerging area of understanding. We used Sialodacryoadenitis Virus (SDAV) in rats to model the extent to which immune protection afforded by prior natural infection via high risk (inoculation; direct contact) or low risk (fomite) exposure, or by vaccination, influenced viral shedding and transmission on re-exposure. On initial infection, we confirmed that amount, duration and consistency of viral shedding were correlated with exposure risk. Animals were reinfected after 3.7-5.5 months using the same exposure paradigm. Amount and duration of viral shedding were correlated with re-exposure type and serologic status. 59% of seropositive animals shed virus. Previously exposed seropositive reinfected animals were able to transmit virus to 25% of naive recipient rats after 24-hour exposure by direct contact. Rats vaccinated intranasally with a related virus (Parkers Rat Coronavirus) were able to transmit SDAV to only 4.7% of naive animals after a 7-day direct contact exposure, despite comparable viral shedding. Observed cycle threshold values associated with transmission in both groups ranged from 29-36 cycles, however observed shedding was not a prerequisite for transmission. Results indicate that low-level shedding in both naturally infected and vaccinated seropositive animals can propagate infection in susceptible individuals. Extrapolated to COVID-19, our results suggest that continued propagation of SARS-CoV-2 by seropositive previously infected or vaccinated individuals is possible.

scholarly journals Environmental Monitoring and Potential Health Risk Assessment from Pymetrozine Exposure among Communities in Typical Rice–Growing Areas of China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muyesaier Tudi ◽  
Huada Daniel RUAN ◽  
Shuangmei Tong ◽  
li wang ◽  
Albert Atabila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Risk Assessment ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Dermal Contact ◽  
Paddy Water ◽  
Contact Exposure

Abstract Pymetrozine is one of the most common insecticides used in China. This study was conducted to analyse Pymetrozine’s potential exposures through various environmental routes beyond the treatment area. The aim was to estimate the potential health risk for communities due to non-dietary exposure to Pymetrozine in soil and paddy water. Data on registration of pesticides in China, government reports, questionnaires, interviews, literature reviews as well as toxicological health investigations were evaluated to determine the hazard and dose-response characteristics of Pymetrozine. These were based on the US EPA exposure and human health risk assessment methods using exposure from soil and paddy water samples collected between 10 to 20 meters around the resident’s location.The potential exposures from dermal contact through soil and paddy water were estimated. The potential cancer risk from the following routes was evaluated: the ingestion through soil; dermal contact exposure through soil; dermal contact exposure through paddy water; and the potential total cancer risk for residents was less than 1*10− 6. These were within the acceptable risk levels. The potential hazard quotient (HQ) from acute and lifetime exposure by dermal contact through paddy water and soil; acute and lifetime exposure by soil ingestion for residents were less than 1, indicating an acceptable risk level, thus both potential cancer risk and hazard quotient (HQ) were relatively low. Potential human health risk assessment of Pymetrozine in soil and paddy water suggested that negligible cancer risk and non-cancer risk based on ingestion and dermal contact are the main potential routes of exposure to residents.

scholarly journals Heavy Metal Contaminations in Herbal Medicines: Determination, Comprehensive Risk Assessments, and Solutions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Luo ◽  
Bo Wang ◽  
Jingwen Jiang ◽  
Martin Fitzgerald ◽  
Qin Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Heavy Metal Contamination ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Estimated Daily Intake ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Acceptable Risks

Heavy metal contamination in herbal medicines is a global threat to human beings especially at levels above known threshold concentrations. The concentrations of five heavy metals cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg) and copper (Cu) were investigated using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) with 1773 samples around the world. According to Chinese Pharmacopoeia, 30.51% (541) samples were detected with at least one over-limit metal. The over-limit ratio for Pb was 5.75% (102), Cd at 4.96% (88), As at 4.17% (74), Hg at 3.78% (67), and of Cu, 1.75% (31). For exposure assessment, Pb, Cd, As, and Hg have resulted in higher than acceptable risks in 25 kinds of herbs. The maximal Estimated Daily Intake of Pb in seven herbs, of Cd in five, of Hg in four, and As in three exceeded their corresponding Provisional Tolerable Daily Intakes. In total 25 kinds of herbs present an unacceptable risk as assessed with the Hazard Quotient or Hazard Index. Additionally, the carcinogenic risks were all under acceptable limits. Notably, As posed the highest risk in all indicators including Estimated Daily Intake, Hazard Index, and carcinogenic risks. Therefore further study on enrichment effect of different states of As and special attention to monitoring shall be placed on As related contamination.

scholarly journals Comparative study of the floral biology and of the response of productivity to insect visitation in two rapeseed cultivars (Brassica napus L.) in Rio Grande do Sul

2014 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 787-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Blochtein ◽  
P Nunes-Silva ◽  
R Halinski ◽  
LA Lopes ◽  
S Witter
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Floral Biology ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Insect Pollination ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Insect Visitation ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Time Periods

Planning the artificial pollination of agricultural crops requires knowledge of the floral biology and reproductive system of the crop in question. Many studies have shown that rapeseed (Brassica napus Linnaeus) is self-compatible and self-pollinated, but its productivity may be increased by insect visitation. In the present study, the floral biology and the response of productivity to insect visitation of two rapeseed cultivars (Hyola 420 and Hyola 61) were analyzed and compared in three regions of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The rapeseed flowers presented three stages during anthesis, with the time periods varying between the cultivars. Both cultivars are self-compatible, but free visitation of insects increased productivity by 17% in the Hyola 420 cultivar and by approximately 30% in the Hyola 61 cultivar. Therefore, it is concluded that the cultivar Hyola 61 is more dependent on insect pollination than Hyola 420.

scholarly journals Modeling SARS-CoV-2 propagation using rat coronavirus-associated shedding and transmission

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0260038
Author(s):  
Caroline J. Zeiss ◽  
Jennifer L. Asher ◽  
Brent Vander Wyk ◽  
Heather G. Allore ◽  
Susan R. Compton
Keyword(s):  
Direct Contact ◽  
Important Determinant ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Immune Protection ◽  
Threshold Values ◽  
Exposure Risk ◽  
Initial Infection ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Contact Exposure ◽  
Endemic Stability

At present, global immunity to SARS-CoV-2 resides within a heterogeneous combination of susceptible, naturally infected and vaccinated individuals. The extent to which viral shedding and transmission occurs on re-exposure to SARS-CoV-2 is an important determinant of the rate at which COVID-19 achieves endemic stability. We used Sialodacryoadenitis Virus (SDAV) in rats to model the extent to which immune protection afforded by prior natural infection via high risk (inoculation; direct contact) or low risk (fomite) exposure, or by vaccination, influenced viral shedding and transmission on re-exposure. On initial infection, we confirmed that amount, duration and consistency of viral shedding, and seroconversion rates were correlated with exposure risk. Animals were reinfected after 3.7–5.5 months using the same exposure paradigm. 59% of seropositive animals shed virus, although at lower amounts. Previously exposed seropositive reinfected animals were able to transmit virus to 25% of naive recipient rats after 24-hour exposure by direct contact. Rats vaccinated intranasally with a related virus (Parker’s Rat Coronavirus) were able to transmit SDAV to only 4.7% of naive animals after a 7-day direct contact exposure, despite comparable viral shedding. Cycle threshold values associated with transmission in both groups ranged from 29–36 cycles. Observed shedding was not a prerequisite for transmission. Results indicate that low-level shedding in both naturally infected and vaccinated seropositive animals can propagate infection in susceptible individuals. Extrapolated to COVID-19, our results suggest that continued propagation of SARS-CoV-2 by seropositive previously infected or vaccinated individuals is possible.

scholarly journals Use of Plant Protection Products in Lombardy, Italy and the Health Risk for the Ingestion of Contaminated Water

Toxics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Rosa Mercadante ◽  
Beatrice Dezza ◽  
Teresa Mammone ◽  
Angelo Moretto ◽  
Silvia Fustinoni
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Plant Protection Products ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Drinkable Water ◽  
Active Substances

Pesticides used to protect agricultural crops may contaminate groundwater. This work aimed to identify the pesticides used in Lombardy, Italy, in 2016, their concentration in the groundwater and the risk for health associated with the intake of drinkable water in the adult population. The risk was evaluated for the presence of single and multiple active substances in the groundwater, calculating the hazard quotient (HQ) and the hazard index (HI), respectively. Lombardy utilises an agricultural area of 980,112 h, which is mainly cultivated with cereals (74%). Approximately 2354 pesticides (about 1.3 × 107 kg), containing 410 active substances (about 4.5 × 106 kg) were sold. There were groundwater contamination measurements in 158 monitoring points, which were investigated twice a year for 31 active substances, and a total of 9152 determinations. Only 17 currently used active substance were measured in the groundwater, among which three belonged to the 10 best-sold pesticides. The exceedance of the environmental quality standard was observed for about 1.5% determinations. The intake of contaminated water in the adult population resulted in a HQ typically ranging between 10−3 and 10−4 and a HI of about 10−3. Although the number of pesticides sold in 2016 in Lombardy was big, only a small fraction of active substances was monitored in the groundwater. Considering these monitored substances, the intake of contaminated groundwater in the adult general population posed an irrelevant risk for health.

scholarly journals Climate change and disease in plant communities

PLoS Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. e3000949 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy J. Burdon ◽  
Jiasui Zhan
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Marked Contrast ◽  
Severity Of Disease ◽  
Natural Communities ◽  
Impacts Of Climate Change

Climate change is triggering similar effects on the incidence and severity of disease for crops in agriculture and wild plants in natural communities. The complexity of natural ecosystems, however, generates a complex array of interactions between wild plants and pathogens in marked contrast to those generated in the structural and species simplicity of most agricultural crops. Understanding the different impacts of climate change on agricultural and natural ecosystems requires accounting for the specific interactions between an individual pathogen and its host(s) and their subsequent effects on the interplay between the host and other species in the community. Ultimately, progress will require looking past short-term fluctuations to multiyear trends to understand the nature and extent of plant and pathogen evolutionary adaptation and determine the fate of plants under future climate change.

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