Breeding Cereals for Organic Soil Properties, Plant Nutrition, and Weed Control

2014 ◽  
pp. 261-286
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Plant Nutrition ◽  
Organic Soil

scholarly journals Effects of glyphosate-based herbicides and their active ingredients on earthworms, water infiltration and glyphosate leaching are influenced by soil properties

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johann G. Zaller ◽  
Maureen Weber ◽  
Michael Maderthaner ◽  
Edith Gruber ◽  
Eszter Takács ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Functions ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
Earthworm Activity

Abstract Background Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are among the most often used pesticides. The hundreds of GBHs used worldwide consist of the active ingredient (AI) glyphosate in form of different salts, possibly other AIs, and various mostly undisclosed co-formulants. Pesticide risk assessments are commonly performed using single AIs or GBHs at standard soil conditions without vegetation. In a greenhouse experiment, we established a weed population with common amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus) to examine the effects of three GBHs (Roundup LB Plus, Roundup PowerFlex, Touchdown Quattro) and their corresponding AIs (salts of glyphosate isopropylammonium, potassium, diammonium) on the activity and physiological biomarkers (glutathione S-transferase, GST; acetylcholine esterase, AChE) of an ecologically relevant earthworm species (Lumbricus terrestris). GBHs and AIs were applied at recommended doses; hand weeding served as control. Experiments were established with two soil types differing in organic matter content (SOM; 3.0% vs. 4.1%) and other properties. Results Earthworm activity (casting and movement activity) decreased after application of glyphosate formulations or active ingredients compared to hand weeding. We found no consistent pattern that formulations had either higher or lower effects on earthworm activity than their active ingredients; rather, differences were substance-specific. Earthworm activity was little affected by soil organic matter levels. Biomarkers remained unaffected by weed control types; GST but not AChE was decreased under high SOM. Water infiltration after a simulated heavy rainfall was interactively affected by weed control types and SOM. Leachate amount was higher after application of formulations than active ingredients and was higher under low SOM. Glyphosate concentrations in soil and leachate were strongly affected by application of formulations or active ingredients and varied with SOM (significant weed control type x SOM interaction). Conclusions We found that both commercial formulations and pure active ingredients can influence earthworms with consequences on important soil functions. Glyphosate products showed increased, reduced or similar effects than pure glyphosate on particular soil functions; soil properties can substantially alter this. Especially at lower SOM, heavy rainfalls could lead to more glyphosate leaching into water bodies. A full disclosure of co-formulants would be necessary to further decipher their specific contributions to these inconsistent effects.

Effect of weed control methods on some soil properties of a newly planted cocoa farm

2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
K Ofori-Frimpong ◽  
AA Afrifa ◽  
FK Oppong ◽  
MR Appiah
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Cocoa Farm

Weed control with atrazine and chlorsulfuron is determined by herbicide availability and persistence in soils

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Walker ◽  
G. R. Robinson ◽  
P. A. Hargreaves
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Free System ◽  
Climatic Variations ◽  
Sensitivity Data ◽  
Rapistrum Rugosum ◽  
Different Soils

Effectiveness and length of weed control with atrazine and chlorsulfuron can be variable in the field. While some of this may be due to climatic variations, differences in soil properties may also be important. We tested this by recording changes in control of mintweed (Salvia reflexa Hornem.) and turnip weed (Rapistrum rugosum L.) with time in different soils, and comparing these results with the measured changes in plant-available herbicide in the soils. Length of weed control with the same herbicide rate varied from 0 to >15 weeks. Mintweed and turnip weed were controlled (85-100%) only when the soils had ¸ 0·1µ#9839;g available atrazine/g and 0·8 ng available chlorsulfuron/g, respectively. This agreed with the sensitivity data for these weeds when grown in a soil-free system. The herbicides were initially more available in grey clays than in black earths, and soil pH accounted for most of the variations in the persistence of the available residues. Thus, the efficacy of these herbicides in different soils could be estimated if the available residues in the root-zone could be predicted and the sensitivity of different weeds was known.

scholarly journals Pemetaan Erodibilitas Tanah Dan Korelasinya Terhadap Karakteristik Tanah Di Das Serang, Kulonprogo

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 135
Author(s):  
Efrinda Ari Ayuningtyas ◽  
Ainul Fahmi Nur Ilma ◽  
Rindhang Bima Yudha
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Soil Erodibility ◽  
Soil Permeability ◽  
K Value ◽  
Gis Tools ◽  
Soil Structures ◽  
K Factor

Soil erosion was happened caused by many factors, such as rainfall intensity, soil erodbility, steepness and length of slope, land cover, and conservation practices. In other case, the soil properties also influence the vulnerability of soil to be detached. This soil properties characteristics is classified as soil erodibility. Erodibility factor (K) from the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) in this study was the result of soil erodibility estimation or soil capability to be dispersed by rain. K factor was affected by soil organic, soil permeability, soil structures, and soil textures. This study was contributed in Serang Watershed because of the main fuction of this watershed to supply water resources especially in Sermo Reservoir in Ngrancah Subwatershed. This reservoir was used to distribute water and irrigation to all Kulonprogo District and especially to keep the sustainability of sedimentation of soastal area di Glagah Beach. All of soil properties was collected in each landform of Serang Watershed and was analyzed by laboratory measurement. By using K factor formula, the K value can be estimated. Geographic Information System (GIS) tools were used to map and represent the spatial information of soil erodibility of Serang Watershed. The result of this study showed that the high value of K factor was distributed in the area which has genesis of structural, denudated structural, and sedimented denudational. Furthermore, this study can be strived to analyze soil erosion hazard which was influenced by soil erodibility.

scholarly journals Generalized models to estimate carbon and nitrogen stocks of organic soil layers in Interior Alaska

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen Manies ◽  
Mark Waldrop ◽  
Jennifer Harden
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Interior Alaska ◽  
C Stocks ◽  
Global Soil

Abstract. Boreal ecosystems comprise about one tenth of the world's land surface and contain over 20 % of the global soil carbon (C) stocks. Boreal soils are unique in that the mineral soil is covered by what can be quite thick layers of organic soil. These organic soil layers, or horizons, can differ in their state of decomposition, source vegetation, and disturbance history. These differences result in varying soil properties (bulk density, C content, and nitrogen (N) content) among soil horizons. Here we summarize these soil properties, as represented by over 3000 samples from Interior Alaska, and examine how soil drainage and stand age affect these attributes. The summary values presented here can be used to gap-fill large datasets when important soil properties were not measured, provide data to initialize process-based models, and validate model results. These data are available at https://doi.org/10.5066/P960N1F9 (Manies, 2019).

scholarly journals Quantitative root ecology as element of soil fertility theory.

1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. van Noordwijk ◽  
P. de Willigen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Plant Nutrition ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
Plant System ◽  
Nutrient Use ◽  
Root Ecology ◽  
Use Efficiency

Nutrient use efficiency with special reference to the soil/plant system, soil fertility theory relating to fertilizers, plant nutrition, soil properties and root ecology and aspects of quantitative root ecology are considered and an approach to modelling the relation of root ecology to soil fertility theory is outlined. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

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