Chapter 2 Dietary carbohydrates and type 2 diabetes

2013 ◽  
pp. 11-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence Koning ◽  
Vasanti Malik ◽  
Frank Hu
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Dietary Carbohydrates

Nutrition Revolution—The End of the High Carbohydrates Era for Diabetes Prevention and Management

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osama Hamdy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cardiovascular Mortality ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Diabetes Prevention ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Dietary Carbohydrates ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Reducing Carbohydrates

Increased dietary carbohydrates contributed to the escalating prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes. From the late seventies, several medical societies recommended reducing fat intake and replaced it with carbohydrates. These mistaken recommendations contributed to poor diabetes control, abnormal lipid profile, and increasing insulin resistance without reduction in cardiovascular mortality. Over the last few years, strong evidence suggest reducing carbohydrates intake for patients with type 2 diabetes to less than 40%. The era of high carbohydrates came to an end.

scholarly journals Associations of carbohydrates and carbohydrate-rich foods with incidence of type 2 diabetes

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Kjell Olsson ◽  
Stina Ramne ◽  
Esther González-Padilla ◽  
Ulrika Ericson ◽  
Emily Sonestedt
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Dietary Carbohydrates ◽  
Incident Type ◽  
Incident Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Diet History ◽  
Diet And Cancer ◽  
Modified Diet

Abstract Dietary carbohydrates have long been expected to be associated with risk of type 2 diabetes; however, the associations for many carbohydrates and carbohydrate-rich foods remain inconclusive. This study analysed associations between intakes of six types of carbohydrates and thirteen carbohydrate-rich foods with incident type 2 diabetes in 26 622 participants (61% women) in the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study in southern Sweden. Dietary intake was assessed at baseline (1991-1996) by using a modified diet history method. During mean follow-up of 18 years, 4046 cases were identified. Adjusting for potential confounders (including lifestyle, BMI, and dietary factors), comparing highest v. lowest quintile of intake, monosaccharides (hazard ratio (HR) 0·88; 95% CI 0·79, 0·98; Ptrend = 0·02) and fruits (HR 0·91; 95% CI 0·82, 1·01; Ptrend = 0·03) were inversely associated with incident type 2 diabetes, while disaccharides (HR 1·17; 95% CI 1·04, 1·30; Ptrend = 0·002) and sweets (HR 1·09; 95% CI 1·00, 1·19; Ptrend = 0·02) were positively associated. After stratification by sex, marmalade/honey/jam (HR 0·82; 95% CI 0·72, 0·94; Ptrend < 0·001) and vegetables (HR 0·85; 95% CI 0·73, 0·98; Ptrend = 0·06) were inversely associated with incident type 2 diabetes in men, and chocolate (HR 1·26; 95% CI 1·09, 1·46; Ptrend < 0·001) was positively associated in women. In conclusion, we identified inverse associations for intake of monosaccharides and fruits with type 2 diabetes risk, and positive associations for disaccharides and sweets. Additional sex-specific associations were also identified. Future studies are needed to explore these associations further.

scholarly journals GLUT2 polymorphism modifies the intake of dietary carbohydrates in individuals with Type 2 Diabetes

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen M Eny ◽  
Bénédicte Fontaine‐Bission ◽  
Thomas MS Wolever ◽  
Ahmed El‐Sohemy
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Dietary Carbohydrates

scholarly journals Type 2 Diabetes and Dietary Carbohydrate Intake of Adolescents and Young Adults: What Is the Impact of Different Choices?

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 3344
Author(s):  
Luisa Bonsembiante ◽  
Giovanni Targher ◽  
Claudio Maffeis
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Glycemic Response ◽  
Dietary Carbohydrates ◽  
High Consumption ◽  
The Impact

Type 2 diabetes mellitus has a high prevalence worldwide, with a rapidly increasing incidence even in youth. Nutrition, dietary macronutrient composition, and in particular dietary carbohydrates play a major role in the development of type 2 diabetes. The aim of this narrative review is to discuss the current evidence on the role of dietary carbohydrates in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes. The digestibility or availability of carbohydrates and their glycemic index (and glycemic load) markedly influence the glycemic response. High consumption of dietary fiber is beneficial for management of type 2 diabetes, whereas high consumption of both glycemic starch and sugars may have a harmful effect on glucose metabolism, thereby increasing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the presence of genetic predisposition or making its glycemic control more difficult to achieve in people with established T2D. Therefore, the same dietary macronutrient may have harmful or beneficial effects on type 2 diabetes mainly depending on the subtypes consumed. Some other factors are involved in glucose metabolism, such as meal composition, gut microbiota and genetics. For this reason, the glycemic response after carbohydrate consumption is not easy to predict in the single individual. Nutrition suggested to subjects with known type 2 diabetes should be always person-centered, considering the individual features of each subject.

scholarly journals Dietary carbohydrates, glycaemic load, food groups and newly detected type 2 diabetes among urban Asian Indian population in Chennai, India (Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study 59)

2009 ◽  
Vol 102 (10) ◽  
pp. 1498-1506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viswanathan Mohan ◽  
Ganesan Radhika ◽  
Rangaswamy Mohan Sathya ◽  
Selvi Ramjothi Tamil ◽  
Anbazhagan Ganesan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Asian Indian ◽  
Indian Population ◽  
Dietary Carbohydrates ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Epidemiology Study ◽  
Glycaemic Load ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Asian Indian Population

The aim of the study was to examine the association of dietary carbohydrates and glycaemic load with the risk of type 2 diabetes among an urban adult Asian Indian population. Adult subjects aged >20 years (n 1843) were randomly selected from the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study, in Chennai city in southern India. Dietary carbohydrates, glycaemic load and food groups were assessed using FFQ. Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed using 75 g glucose in all subjects. Diagnosis of diabetes was based on WHO Consulting Group criteria. OR for newly detected diabetes were calculated for carbohydrates, glycaemic load and specific food groups comparing subjects in the highest with those in the lowest quartiles, after adjustment for potential confounders such as age, sex, BMI, family history of diabetes, physical activity, current smoking, alcohol consumption and relevant dietary factors. We identified 156 (8·5 %) newly diagnosed cases of type 2 diabetes. Refined grain intake was positively associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes (OR 5·31 (95 % CI 2·98, 9·45); P < 0·001). In the multivariate model, after adjustment for potential confounders, total carbohydrate (OR 4·98 (95 % CI 2·69, 9·19), P < 0·001), glycaemic load (OR 4·25 (95 % CI 2·33, 7·77); P < 0·001) and glycaemic index (OR 2·51 (95 % CI 1·42, 4·43); P = 0·006) were associated with type 2 diabetes. Dietary fibre intake was inversely associated with diabetes (OR 0·31 (95 % CI 0·15, 0·62); P < 0·001). In urban south Indians, total dietary carbohydrate and glycaemic load are associated with increased, and dietary fibre with decreased, risk of type 2 diabetes.

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