Drug Delivery Through the BBB: Liposomes, Nanoparticles, and Other Non-Viral Vectors

2005 ◽  
pp. 165-188
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Viral Vectors

Delivery Systems for RNA Interference Therapy: Current Technologies and Limitations

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 356-372
Author(s):  
Yi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Rna Interference ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Drug Carriers ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Innovative Drug ◽  
Target Disease

In recent years, RNA interference technology has been extensively studied for its therapeutic potential against a wide variety of diseases. It aims to silence the expression of undesired genes associated with the target disease by the administration of RNA interference agents. However, these agents (nucleic acids) are unstable in the circulatory system and lack target specificity. Drug delivery systems are, therefore, crucial for the successful practice of the technique. A wide array of delivery systems has been developed to conquer these challenges, such as viral vectors, inorganic drug carriers, polymeric carriers and lipid-based carriers, with, however, significant limitations. In addition to the existing technologies, novel, innovative drug delivery systems, such as the configurable xenobot, are emerging at a rapid pace and have the potential to take the realm of biomedicine to the next level. This review summarizes technical difficulties in the development of drug delivery systems and current technologies developed for delivering RNAi agents with a discussion on their limitations.

scholarly journals Virosome, a hybrid vehicle for efficient and safe drug delivery and its emerging application in cancer treatment

2015 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanqing Liu ◽  
Zhigang Tu ◽  
Fan Feng ◽  
Haifeng Shi ◽  
Keping Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Targeted Drug Delivery ◽  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Organic Molecules ◽  
Surface Modifications ◽  
General Concept ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Small Organic Molecules ◽  
Working Mechanisms

Abstract A virosome is an innovative hybrid drug delivery system with advantages of both viral and non-viral vectors. Studies have shown that a virosome can carry various biologically active molecules, such as nucleic acids, peptides, proteins and small organic molecules. Targeted drug delivery using virosome-based systems can be achieved through surface modifications of virosomes. A number of virosome- -based prophylactic and therapeutic products with high safety profiles are currently available in the market. Cancer treatment is a big battlefield for virosome-based drug delivery systems. This review provides an overview of the general concept, preparation procedures, working mechanisms, preclinical studies and clinical applications of virosomes in cancer treatment.

scholarly journals Viral Nanoparticle System: An Effective Platform for Photodynamic Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1728
Author(s):  
Shujin Lin ◽  
Chun Liu ◽  
Xiao Han ◽  
Haowei Zhong ◽  
Cui Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Target Lesion ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Good Safety Profile ◽  
Nanoparticle System ◽  
Delivery Vehicles ◽  
Viral Nanoparticles ◽  
Viral Nanoparticle

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising therapy due to its efficiency and accuracy. The photosensitizer is delivered to the target lesion and locally activated. Viral nanoparticles (VNPs) have been explored as delivery vehicles for PDT in recent years because of their favorable properties, including simple manufacture and good safety profile. They have great potential as drug delivery carriers in medicine. Here, we review the development of PDT photosensitizers and discuss applications of VNP-mediated photodynamic therapies and the performance of VNPs in the treatment of tumor cells and antimicrobial therapy. Furthermore, future perspectives are discussed for further developing novel viral nanocarriers or improving existing viral vectors.

scholarly journals Application of Non-Viral Vectors in Drug Delivery and Gene Therapy

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 3307
Author(s):  
Shuaikai Ren ◽  
Mengjie Wang ◽  
Chunxin Wang ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
Changjiao Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Gene Therapy ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Therapeutic Effects

Vectors and carriers play an indispensable role in gene therapy and drug delivery. Non-viral vectors are widely developed and applied in clinical practice due to their low immunogenicity, good biocompatibility, easy synthesis and modification, and low cost of production. This review summarized a variety of non-viral vectors and carriers including polymers, liposomes, gold nanoparticles, mesoporous silica nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes from the aspects of physicochemical characteristics, synthesis methods, functional modifications, and research applications. Notably, non-viral vectors can enhance the absorption of cargos, prolong the circulation time, improve therapeutic effects, and provide targeted delivery. Additional studies focused on recent innovation of novel synthesis techniques for vector materials. We also elaborated on the problems and future research directions in the development of non-viral vectors, which provided a theoretical basis for their broad applications.

scholarly journals Drug Delivery via the Suprachoroidal Space for the Treatment of Retinal Diseases

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 967
Author(s):  
Liron Naftali Ben Haim ◽  
Elad Moisseiev
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Macular Edema ◽  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Delivery Methods ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Suprachoroidal Space ◽  
Advanced Therapies ◽  
Preclinical Trials ◽  
Areas Of Interest

The suprachoroidal space (SCS), a potential space between the sclera and choroid, is becoming an applicable method to deliver therapeutics to the back of the eye. In recent years, a vast amount of research in the field has been carried out, with new discoveries in different areas of interest, such as imaging, drug delivery methods, pharmacokinetics, pharmacotherapies in preclinical and clinical trials and advanced therapies. The SCS can be visualized via advanced techniques of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in eyes with different pathologies, and even in healthy eyes. Drugs can be delivered easily and safely via hollow microneedles fitted to the length of the approximate thickness of the sclera. SCS injections were found to reach greater baseline concentrations in the target layers compared to intravitreal (IVT) injection, while agent clearance was faster with highly aqueous soluble molecules. Clinical trials with SCS injection of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) were executed with promising findings for patients with noninfectious uveitis (NIU), NIU implicated with macular edema and diabetic macular edema (DME). Gene therapy is evolving rapidly with viral and non-viral vectors that were found to be safe and efficient in preclinical trials. Here, we review these novel different aspects and new developments in clinical treatment of the posterior segment of the eye.

scholarly journals Magnesium Fluoride Forms Unique Protein Corona for Efficient Delivery of Doxorubicin into Breast Cancer Cells

Toxics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamed Al-Busaidi ◽  
Md. Karim ◽  
Syafiq Abidin ◽  
Kyi Tha ◽  
Ezharul Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Controlled Release ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Breast Cancer Cells ◽  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Protein Corona ◽  
Ph Sensitive ◽  
Doxorubicin Release

Background: The efficacy of chemotherapy is undermined by adverse side effects and chemoresistance of target tissues. Developing a drug delivery system can reduce off-target side effects and increase the efficacy of drugs by increasing their accumulation in target tissues. Inorganic salts have several advantages over other drug delivery vectors in that they are non-carcinogenic and less immunogenic than viral vectors and have a higher loading capacity and better controlled release than lipid and polymer vectors. Methods: MgF2 crystals were fabricated by mixing 20 mM MgCl2 and 10 mM NaF and incubating for 30 min at 37 °C. The crystals were characterized by absorbance, dynamic light scattering, microscopic observance, pH sensitivity test, SEM, EDX and FTIR. The binding efficacy to doxorubicin was assessed by measuring fluorescence intensity. pH-dependent doxorubicin release profile was used to assess the controlled release capability of the particle-drug complex. Cellular uptake was assessed by fluorescence microscopy. Cytotoxicity of the particles and the drug-particle complex were assessed using MTT assay to measure cell viability of MCF-7 cells. Results and Discussion: Particle size on average was estimated to be <200 nm. The crystals were cubic in shape. The particles were pH-sensitive and capable of releasing doxorubicin in increasing acidic conditions. MgF2 nanocrystals were safe in lower concentrations, and when bound to doxorubicin, enhanced its uptake. The protein corona formed around MgF2 nanoparticles lacks typical opsonins but contains some dysopsonins. Conclusion: A drug delivery vector in the form of MgF2 nanocrystals has been developed to transport doxorubicin into breast cancer cells. It is pH-sensitive (allowing for controlled release), size-modifiable, simple and cheap to produce.

scholarly journals Cystic Fibrosis: Overview of the Current Development Trends and Innovative Therapeutic Strategies

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fahad A. Almughem ◽  
Ahmad M. Aldossary ◽  
Essam A. Tawfik ◽  
Mohammad N. Alomary ◽  
Waleed S. Alharbi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Infection And Inflammation

Cystic Fibrosis (CF), an autosomal recessive genetic disease, is caused by a mutation in the gene encoding the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). This mutation reduces the release of chloride ions (Cl−) in epithelial tissues, and hyperactivates the epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) which aid in the absorption of sodium ions (Na+). Consequently, the mucus becomes dehydrated and thickened, making it a suitable medium for microbial growth. CF causes several chronic lung complications like thickened mucus, bacterial infection and inflammation, progressive loss of lung function, and ultimately, death. Until recently, the standard of clinical care in CF treatment had focused on preventing and treating the disease complications. In this review, we have summarized the current knowledge on CF pathogenesis and provided an outlook on the current therapeutic approaches relevant to CF (i.e., CFTR modulators and ENaC inhibitors). The enormous potential in targeting bacterial biofilms using antibiofilm peptides, and the innovative therapeutic strategies in using the CRISPR/Cas approach as a gene-editing tool to repair the CFTR mutation have been reviewed. Finally, we have discussed the wide range of drug delivery systems available, particularly non-viral vectors, and the optimal properties of nanocarriers which are essential for successful drug delivery to the lungs.

Potential Use of Nanomedicine for the Anti-inflammatory Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (14) ◽  
pp. 1589-1616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Dolores Cayero-Otero ◽  
Ana M. Espinosa-Oliva ◽  
Antonio J. Herrera ◽  
Irene Garcia-Dominguez ◽  
Mercedes Fernandez-Arevalo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Plga Nanoparticles ◽  
Reactive Microglia ◽  
Nanoscale Structures ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Working Together ◽  
New Evidence

Neurodegenerative diseases, like Alzheimer´s and Parkinson´s disease, are a group of disorders that have in common their increasingly high prevalence along with the shortage of effective treatments. In addition, the scientific community faces the challenge of getting the drugs used in these treatments to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and reach the brain in sufficient concentration to be able to exert its effect. Hence, researchers across multiple disciplines are working together in order to improve the ability of therapeutics to penetrate the BBB. In this sense, the use of nanomedicine, nanoscale structures for drug delivery, exhibits a really high therapeutic potential in the field of neurodegenerative diseases therapy. Since there is new evidence that neuroinflammation produced by reactive microglia contributes to the activation and pathogenesis of neurological disorders, many investigations focus on the identification of new targets whose inhibition can reduce, totally or partially, microglial activation. This review analyzes a wide variety of compounds as possible candidates to achieve this target, from compounds with a natural origin to anti-diabetics, antidepressants, antibiotics and hormones. We also discuss the different strategies to enhance the capacity of these compounds to cross the BBB. Although this review focuses on PLGA nanoparticles as one of the most versatile drug delivery nanosystems, we also describe other strategies, such as direct intranasal administration (nose-tobrain), novel viral vectors and novel implanted catheters.

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