Types of Toxic Responses

Acetaminophen: Macula densa hypersecretory activity by induced hepatotoxicity

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010012895x ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 45 ◽

pp. 934-935

Author(s):

S.S. Poolsawat ◽

C.A. Huerta ◽

S.TY. Lae ◽

G.A. Miranda

Keyword(s):

Cell Proliferation ◽

Liver Function ◽

Chronic Inflammation ◽

Foam Cell ◽

Term Effect ◽

Short Term ◽

Drug Induced ◽

Experimental Induction ◽

Tissue Alterations ◽

Toxic Responses

Introduction. Experimental induction of altered histology by chemical toxins is of particular importance if its outcome resembles histopathological phenomena. Hepatotoxic drugs and chemicals are agents that can be converted by the liver into various metabolites which consequently evoke toxic responses. Very often, these drugs are intentionally administered to resolve an illness unrelated to liver function. Because of hepatic detoxification, the resulting metabolites are suggested to be integrated into the macromolecular processes of liver function and cause an array of cellular and tissue alterations, such as increased cytoplasmic lysis, centrilobular and localized necroses, chronic inflammation and “foam cell” proliferation of the hepatic sinusoids (1-4).Most experimentally drug-induced toxicity studies have concentrated primarily on the hepatic response, frequently overlooking other physiological phenomena which are directly related to liver function. Categorically, many studies have been short-term effect investigations which seldom have followed up the complications to other tissues and organs when the liver has failed to function normally.

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Toxic Responses of Palladium Accumulation in Duckweed Lemna minor : Determination of Biomarkers

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry ◽

10.1002/etc.5011 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Souleimen Jmii ◽

David Dewez

Keyword(s):

Lemna Minor ◽

Toxic Responses

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Evolution of Cancer Vaccines—Challenges, Achievements and Future Directions

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines9050535 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 535

Author(s):

Ban Qi Tay ◽

Quentin Wright ◽

Rahul Ladwa ◽

Christopher Perry ◽

Graham Leggatt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cancer Vaccines ◽

New Drugs ◽

Delivery Methods ◽

Future Directions ◽

The Past ◽

New Directions ◽

Tumour Antigens ◽

Target Characteristics ◽

Toxic Responses ◽

Shed Light

The development of cancer vaccines has been intensively pursued over the past 50 years with modest success. However, recent advancements in the fields of genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, and immunology have renewed interest in these immunotherapies and allowed the development of promising cancer vaccine candidates. Numerous clinical trials testing the response evoked by tumour antigens, differing in origin and nature, have shed light on the desirable target characteristics capable of inducing strong tumour-specific non-toxic responses with increased potential to bring clinical benefit to patients. Novel delivery methods, ranging from a patient’s autologous dendritic cells to liposome nanoparticles, have exponentially increased the abundance and exposure of the antigenic payloads. Furthermore, growing knowledge of the mechanisms by which tumours evade the immune response has led to new approaches to reverse these roadblocks and to re-invigorate previously suppressed anti-tumour surveillance. The use of new drugs in combination with antigen-based therapies is highly targeted and may represent the future of cancer vaccines. In this review, we address the main antigens and delivery methods used to develop cancer vaccines, their clinical outcomes, and the new directions that the vaccine immunotherapy field is taking.

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HIV-Infected Patients: Cross Site-Specific Hydrolysis of H3 and H4 Histones and Myelin Basic Protein with Antibodies against These Three Proteins

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26020316 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 316

Author(s):

Svetlana V. Baranova ◽

Pavel S. Dmitrenok ◽

Valentina N. Buneva ◽

Sergey E. Sedykh ◽

Georgy A. Nevinsky

Keyword(s):

Myelin Basic Protein ◽

Intercellular Space ◽

Basic Protein ◽

Cross Reactivity ◽

Cleavage Sites ◽

Site Specific ◽

Protein Clusters ◽

Negative Role ◽

Toxic Responses ◽

Hydrolysis Of

Histones play important roles in chromatin functioning and gene transcription, but in the intercellular space, they are harmful since they stimulate systemic inflammatory and toxic responses. Electrophoretically homogeneous IgGs against myelin basic protein (MBP), as well as H3 and H4 histones, were isolated from sera of HIV-infected patients. In contrast to known classical proteases, these IgGs split exclusively only histones and MBP but no other control proteins. Among 13 sites of hydrolysis of H3 by IgGs against H3 and 14 sites for anti-MBP IgGs, only two sites of the hydrolysis were the same. Between seven cleavage sites of H4 with IgGs against H4 and 9 sites of this histone hydrolysis by antibodies against MBP, only three sites were the same. The sites of hydrolysis of H3 (and H4) with abzymes against these histones and against MBP were different, but several expended protein clusters containing hydrolysis sites are partially overlapped. The existence of enzymatic cross-reactivity of abzymes against H3 and H4 and MBP represents a great menace to humans since due to cell apoptosis, histones constantly occur in human blood. They can hydrolyze MBP of the myelin sheath of axons and play a negative role in the pathogenesis of HIV-infected patients.

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