Chronic Exposure and Susceptibility to Oxidant Air Pollutants

2005 ◽  
pp. 259-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ira Tager
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Chronic Exposure

Community changes in a deciduous forest exposed to air pollution

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 432-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. McClenahen
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Stem Density ◽  
Ohio River ◽  
Ohio River Valley ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Relative Exposure

Vegetation was measured in seven stands on similar sites in a 50-km portion of the upper Ohio River Valley. These stands lay along gradients of chronic exposure to airborne chloride (Cl−), sulfur dioxide (SO2), fluorides (F−), and possibly other pollutants. Species richness, evenness, and Shannon diversity index were generally depressed within the overstory, subcanopy, and herb strata near industrial sources of air pollutants. A significant relationship between coefficient of community and combined air pollutant index (relative exposure of stands to Cl−, F−, and SO2) showed that similarity in species composition decreased along a gradient of increasing air pollutant exposure. Increasing air pollutant exposure reduced overstory stem density, but abundance of vegetation in other strata tended to increase along the same gradient. The relative importance of Acersaccharum Marsh. was greatly reduced in all strata with increasing pollutant exposure, whereas Aesculusoctandra Marsh. appeared tolerant of air pollutant stress. In understory strata, the importance of Linderabenzoin (L.) Blume increased with increasing pollutant exposure.

scholarly journals Effects of Subchronic and Chronic Exposure to Ambient Air Pollutants on Infant Bronchiolitis

2006 ◽  
Vol 165 (5) ◽  
pp. 553-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Karr ◽  
T. Lumley ◽  
A. Schreuder ◽  
R. Davis ◽  
T. Larson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ambient Air Pollutants

Reduced gene expression levels after chronic exposure to high concentrations of air pollutants

2015 ◽  
Vol 780 ◽  
pp. 60-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Rossner ◽  
Elena Tulupova ◽  
Andrea Rossnerova ◽  
Helena Libalova ◽  
Katerina Honkova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Gene Expression Levels

scholarly journals Chronic effects of air pollution on lung function after lung transplantation in the Systems prediction of Chronic Lung Allograft Dysfunction (SysCLAD) study

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 1600206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meriem Benmerad ◽  
Rémy Slama ◽  
Karine Botturi ◽  
Johanna Claustre ◽  
Antoine Roux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Lung Function ◽  
Lung Transplantation ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Forced Expiratory Volume ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Lung Transplant Recipients

An irreversible loss in lung function limits the long-term success in lung transplantation. We evaluated the role of chronic exposure to ambient air pollution on lung function levels in lung transplant recipients (LTRs).The lung function of 520 LTRs from the Cohort in Lung Transplantation (COLT) study was measured every 6 months. The levels of air pollutants (nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter with an aerodynamic cut-off diameter of x µm (PMx) and ozone (O3)) at the patients' home address were averaged in the 12 months before each spirometry test. The effects of air pollutants on forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) in % predicted were estimated using mixed linear regressions. We assessed the effect modification of macrolide antibiotics in this relationship.Increased 12-month levels of pollutants were associated with lower levels of FVC % pred (−2.56%, 95% CI −3.86–−1.25 for 5 µg·m−3of PM10; −0.75%, 95% CI −1.38–−0.12 for 2 µg·m−3of PM2.5and −2.58%, 95% CI −4.63–−0.53 for 10 µg·m−3of NO2). In patients not taking macrolides, the deleterious association between PM and FVC tended to be stronger and PM10was associated with lower FEV1.Our study suggests a deleterious effect of chronic exposure to air pollutants on lung function levels in LTRs, which might be modified with macrolides.

Development of apical pits in chloride cells of the gills of Pimephales promelas after chronic exposure to acid water

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 462-463
Author(s):  
Richard L. Leino ◽  
Jon G. Anderson ◽  
J. Howard McCormick
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Untreated Water ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Flow Through

Groups of 12 fathead minnows were exposed for 129 days to Lake Superior water acidified (pH 5.0, 5.5, 6.0 or 6.5) with reagent grade H2SO4 by means of a multichannel toxicant system for flow-through bioassays. Untreated water (pH 7.5) had the following properties: hardness 45.3 ± 0.3 (95% confidence interval) mg/1 as CaCO3; alkalinity 42.6 ± 0.2 mg/1; Cl- 0.03 meq/1; Na+ 0.05 meq/1; K+ 0.01 meq/1; Ca2+ 0.68 meq/1; Mg2+ 0.26 meq/1; dissolved O2 5.8 ± 0.3 mg/1; free CO2 3.2 ± 0.4 mg/1; T= 24.3 ± 0.1°C. The 1st, 2nd and 3rd gills were subsequently processed for LM (methacrylate), TEM and SEM respectively.Three changes involving chloride cells were correlated with increasing acidity: 1) the appearance of apical pits (figs. 2,5 as compared to figs. 1, 3,4) in chloride cells (about 22% of the chloride cells had pits at pH 5.0); 2) increases in their numbers and 3) increases in the % of these cells in the epithelium of the secondary lamellae.

The Effect of Vitamin A on the Intermittent Nitrogen Dioxide Gas Exposure in Hamsters

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 176-177
Author(s):  
J.C.S. Kim ◽  
M.G. Jourden ◽  
E.S. Carlisle
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Nitrogen Dioxide ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Intermittent Exposure ◽  
Hypovitaminosis A ◽  
Gas Exposure

Chronic exposure to nitrogen dioxide in rodents has shown that injury reaches a maximum after 24 hours, and a reparative adaptive phase follows (1). Damage occurring in the terminal bronchioles and proximal portions of the alveolar ducts in rats has been extensively studied by both light and electron microscopy (1).The present study was undertaken to compare the response of lung tissue to intermittent exposure to 10 ppm of nitrogen dioxide gas for 4 hours per week, while the hamsters were on a vitamin A deficient diet. Ultrastructural observations made from lung tissues obtained from non-gas exposed, hypovitaminosis A animals and gas exposed animals fed a regular commercially prepared diet have been compared to elucidate the specific effect of vitamin A on nitrogen dioxide gas exposure. The interaction occurring between vitamin A and nitrogen dioxide gas has not previously been investigated.

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