Brief Historical Review of Research and Basic/Interdisciplinary Characterization of ZnO

2012 ◽  
pp. 3-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhe Chuan Feng
Keyword(s):  
Historical Review

An historical and genomic view of schistosome conjugal biology with emphasis on sex-specific gene expression

Parasitology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 128 (S1) ◽  
pp. S11-S22 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. HOFFMANN
Keyword(s):  
Dna Microarrays ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Transcriptional Gene Silencing ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Post Transcriptional Gene Silencing ◽  
Genomic Tools ◽  
Tools And Techniques ◽  
Sexually Mature ◽  
Identification And Characterization

The genetic programmes associated with the sexual biology of dioecious schistosomes remain a critically important but significantly understudied area of parasitology. Throughout the last four decades, progress has been slow in describing the gross antigenic and proteomic differences linked to sexually mature schistosomes and in characterizing some of the sex-associated transcripts and regulatory mechanisms induced during developmental maturation. These investigations have been severely hindered by the lack of complete EST/genomic information, as well as corresponding post- and functional-genomic tools for studying these pathogenic parasites. As near complete transcriptomes forSchistosoma japonicumandS. mansonihave recently been reported, and both DNA microarrays and post-transcriptional gene silencing have been applied to schistosomes, the tools and techniques for the high-throughput identification and characterization of transcripts involved in conjugal biology are now readily available. Here, an historical review is presented that summarizes some of the most significant findings associated with schistosome sex and sexual maturation during the last several decades. Following this discussion is a current overview of some modern day genomic approaches used to study schistosomes, which illustrates how major advances in the field of conjugal biology will be achieved.

scholarly journals Damage in Rubble Mound Breakwaters. Part I: Historical Review of Damage Models

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 317
Author(s):  
Álvaro Campos ◽  
Carmen Castillo ◽  
Rafael Molina-Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Probabilistic Models ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Coastal Structures ◽  
Damage Development ◽  
Damage Models ◽  
Damage Progression ◽  
Rubble Mound ◽  
Rubble Mound Breakwaters

The term “damage” in rubble mound breakwaters is usually related to the foremost failure mode of this kind of coastal structures: their hydraulic instability. The characterization of the breakwater response against wave action was and will be the goal of hundreds of studies. Because of the large amount of information, the present review on damage in rubble mound breakwaters is divided in two papers, which are closely linked but conceptually different; whereas Part II is focused on the various approaches for defining and measuring damage, Part I summarizes the diverse strategies for modelling damage development and progression. The present paper compiles 146 references on this topic, chronologically discussed over almost a century of history: from 1933 to 2020. It includes 23 formulations of hydraulic stability models and 11 formulations of damage progression models, together with main advances and shortcomings up to date. The future of rubble mound design is linked to risk-based tools and advanced management strategies, for which deeper comprehension about the spatial and temporal evolution of damage during the useful life of each particular structure is required. For this aim, damage progression probabilistic models, full-scale monitoring and standardization will presumably be some of the key challenges in the upcoming years.

Diagnosis and Structural Assessment of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary Chapel in Prague (CZ)

2019 ◽  
Vol 817 ◽  
pp. 571-578
Author(s):  
Francesco Monni ◽  
Enrico Quagliarini ◽  
Riccardo di Nisio ◽  
Andrea Benedetti
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Characterization ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Structural Models ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Seismic Loading ◽  
Virgin Mary ◽  
Structural Assessment ◽  
Assumption Of The Virgin

This paper illustrates the results of the activities of analysis and structural assessment of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary chapel, in Prague. The chapel, an oval-shaped building covered with a dome, was built at the end 16th century and can be considered the last example of renaissance architecture and at the same time the first example of baroque architecture in Prague: it is a significant testimony of the close connection between local artists and their Italian teachers. The building closed to visitors during the last decades for the presence of some structural damages and because severely degraded due to lack of maintenance, was reopened in the 2017 after a notable restoration process. This paper gives attention to the interdisciplinary approach used to diagnosis and structural assessment of the chapel, based on the activities of the “knowledge path,” the subsequent structural analysis and the intervention design. Particular attention was paid to the contribution of the historical review, geometric laser scanner survey and mechanical characterization of the structural materials. All these steps result necessary to identify potential vulnerabilities and to enable the understanding of the effective structural models, also in view of proposing adequate retrofit solutions. A numerical model of the chapel was prepared and calibrated. Finally, the structural assessment for the vertical and seismic loading was performed.

Historical review of great auroras

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
pp. 479-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Vallance Jones
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Upper Atmosphere ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Instrumental Observations ◽  
Spectroscopic Characteristics ◽  
Low Latitudes ◽  
Observing Techniques

Occurrences of great auroras of the past are discussed together with accounts of visual and instrumental observations. Earlier observations revealed the extraordinarily great heights and unusual spectral characteristics of such displays as well as documenting their penetration to low latitudes. Theoretical studies have led to an understanding of the observed unusual spectroscopic characteristics including their bright red colour and the abnormal vibrational and rotational structure in the molecular bands observed in high-altitude forms. As a result of the increasing sophistication of observing techniques, the phenomena associated with great auroras have passed beyond the characterization of optical and magnetic effects, to include information on associated changes in the composition of the neutral upper atmosphere and effects in the ionosphere. In more recent times, studies have led to increased understanding of the magnetospheric processes that produce these auroras.

The π Mechanisms of W S Stiles: An Historical Review

Perception ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 705-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward N Pugh ◽  
Daniel B Kirk
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Theory ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
The Third ◽  
Increment Threshold ◽  
Fundamental Type ◽  
Mechanism Theory ◽  
Formal Rules

The origins, development, and status of the π mechanism theory are reviewed. The paper is divided into four sections. In the first section Stiles's general ideas about ‘color mechanisms’ are examined, and it is concluded that foremost amongst these is a mathematical theory that specifies certain formal rules or laws that should govern a certain class of observations. In the case of π mechanisms, the class of observations is that of two-color thresholds, and the defining laws are the two well-known displacement laws. Five other laws that two-color increment-threshold observations should obey, if the latter are governed by ideal π mechanisms, are abstracted from Stiles's writings. In the second section literature pertinent to the testing of the seven Stilesian laws is reviewed, and it is asked whether or not the seven π mechanisms of Stiles do in fact obey the laws. In the third section the relation of the π mechanism concept to physiological concepts is examined, and its relation to the ‘cone fundamental’ is discussed; the evidence pertinent to the question: ‘Are any of the π mechanisms of the single-fundamental type?’ is then reviewed. The last section is devoted to the evolution of Stiles's ideas in the period after 1959 when Stiles's own investigations and those of others propelled him to reject the initial (1953) π mechanism theory as an adequate characterization of the data of the two-color threshold.

Morphological Characterization of Mycobacteriophage R1

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 254-255
Author(s):  
B. L. Soloff ◽  
T. A. Rado
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Minimal Medium ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Logarithmic Growth Phase ◽  
Complete Lysis ◽  
Lysogenic Culture ◽  
Logarithmic Growth

Mycobacteriophage R1 was originally isolated from a lysogenic culture of M. butyricum. The virus was propagated on a leucine-requiring derivative of M. smegmatis, 607 leu−, isolated by nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis of typestrain ATCC 607. Growth was accomplished in a minimal medium containing glycerol and glucose as carbon source and enriched by the addition of 80 μg/ ml L-leucine. Bacteria in early logarithmic growth phase were infected with virus at a multiplicity of 5, and incubated with aeration for 8 hours. The partially lysed suspension was diluted 1:10 in growth medium and incubated for a further 8 hours. This permitted stationary phase cells to re-enter logarithmic growth and resulted in complete lysis of the culture.

AEM analysis of crystallization in Ti-based amorphous alloys

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 270-271
Author(s):  
A.R. Pelton ◽  
A.F. Marshall ◽  
Y.S. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Amorphous Alloys ◽  
Amorphous Materials ◽  
Isothermal Annealing ◽  
Amorphous Matrix ◽  
Nucleation And Growth ◽  
Current Interest ◽  
Amorphous Films ◽  
Electrical And Magnetic Properties

Amorphous materials are of current interest due to their desirable mechanical, electrical and magnetic properties. Furthermore, crystallizing amorphous alloys provides an avenue for discerning sequential and competitive phases thus allowing access to otherwise inaccessible crystalline structures. Previous studies have shown the benefits of using AEM to determine crystal structures and compositions of partially crystallized alloys. The present paper will discuss the AEM characterization of crystallized Cu-Ti and Ni-Ti amorphous films.Cu60Ti40: The amorphous alloy Cu60Ti40, when continuously heated, forms a simple intermediate, macrocrystalline phase which then transforms to the ordered, equilibrium Cu3Ti2 phase. However, contrary to what one would expect from kinetic considerations, isothermal annealing below the isochronal crystallization temperature results in direct nucleation and growth of Cu3Ti2 from the amorphous matrix.

Characterization of Coherent, Ordered Precipitates in Nickel-Base Alloys

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 144-145
Author(s):  
B. H. Kear ◽  
J. M. Oblak
Keyword(s):  
Stable Phase ◽  
Nickel Base Superalloy ◽  
Alloy 718 ◽  
Commercial Alloy ◽  
Precipitate Morphology ◽  
Continuous Precipitation ◽  
Nickel Base ◽  
Base Superalloy ◽  
Strengthening Precipitate

A nickel-base superalloy is essentially a Ni/Cr solid solution hardened by additions of Al (Ti, Nb, etc.) to precipitate a coherent, ordered phase. In most commercial alloy systems, e.g. B-1900, IN-100 and Mar-M200, the stable precipitate is Ni3 (Al,Ti) γ′, with an LI2structure. In A lloy 901 the normal precipitate is metastable Nis Ti3 γ′ ; the stable phase is a hexagonal Do2 4 structure. In Alloy 718 the strengthening precipitate is metastable γ″, which has a body-centered tetragonal D022 structure.Precipitate MorphologyIn most systems the ordered γ′ phase forms by a continuous precipitation re-action, which gives rise to a uniform intragranular dispersion of precipitate particles. For zero γ/γ′ misfit, the γ′ precipitates assume a spheroidal.

The Use of Advanced Analytical Techniques for Characterization of the Chemical, Physical, and Crystallographic Nature of a Surface

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 132-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Herfert
Keyword(s):  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

Studies of the nature of a surface, either metallic or nonmetallic, in the past, have been limited to the instrumentation available for these measurements. In the past, optical microscopy, replica transmission electron microscopy, electron or X-ray diffraction and optical or X-ray spectroscopy have provided the means of surface characterization. Actually, some of these techniques are not purely surface; the depth of penetration may be a few thousands of an inch. Within the last five years, instrumentation has been made available which now makes it practical for use to study the outer few 100A of layers and characterize it completely from a chemical, physical, and crystallographic standpoint. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) provides a means of viewing the surface of a material in situ to magnifications as high as 250,000X.

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