Phylogenetic Analyses of Primates based on the Muscles of the Head, Neck, Pectoral Region and the Upper Limb

2012 ◽  
pp. 23-121
Keyword(s):  
Upper Limb ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Pectoral Region ◽  
Head Neck

scholarly journals Abnormal Access of Axial Vibrotactile Input to Deafferented Somatosensory Cortex in Human Upper Limb Amputees

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 2753-2764 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. M. Kew ◽  
Peter W. Halligan ◽  
John C. Marshall ◽  
Richard E. Passingham ◽  
JOHN C. Rothwell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Phantom Limb ◽  
Vibrotactile Stimulation ◽  
Pectoral Region ◽  
Human Upper Limb

Kew, John J. M., Peter W. Halligan, John C. Marshall, Richard E. Passingham, John C. Rothwell, Michael C. Ridding, C. David Marsden, and David J. Brooks. Abnormal access of axial vibrotactile input to deafferented somatosensory cortex in human upper limb amputees. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 2753–2764, 1997. We studied two human subjects with total deafferentation of one upper limb secondary to traumatic multiple cervical root avulsions. Both subjects developed a phantom limb and underwent elective amputation of the paralyzed, deafferentated limb. Psychophysical study revealed in each subject an area of skin in the pectoral region ipsilateral to the amputation where vibrotactile stimulation (VS) elicited referred sensations (RS) in the phantom limb. Positron emission tomography was then used to measure regional cerebral blood flow changes during VS of the pectoral region ipsilateral to the amputation with RS and during VS of a homologous part of the pectoral region adjacent to the intact arm without RS. A voxel-based correlation analysis was subsequently used to study functional connectivity. VS of the pectoral region adjacent to the intact arm was associated with activation of the dorsal part of the contralateral primary somatosensory cortex (S1) in a position consistent with the S1 trunk area. In contrast, VS of the pectoral region ipsilateral to the amputation with RS was associated with activation of the contralateral S1 that extended from the level of the trunk representation ventrally over distances of 20 and 12 mm, respectively, in the two subjects. The area of S1 activated during VS of the digits in a normal control subject was coextensive with the ventral S1 region abnormally activated during VS of the ectopic phantom representation in the two amputees, suggesting that the deafferented digit or hand/arm area had been activated by sensory input from the pectoral region. Correlation analysis showed an abnormal pattern of intrinsic connectivity within the deafferented S1 hand/arm area of both amputees. In one subject, the deafferented S1 was functionally connected with 3 times as many S1 voxels as the normally afferented S1. This abnormal functional connectivity extended in both the rostrocaudal and ventrodorsal dimensions. The results demonstrate that sensory input delivered to the axial body surface may gain access to the S1 hand/arm area in some humans who have suffered extensive deafferentation of this area. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that deafferentation of an area of S1 may result in activation of previously dormant inputs from body surfaces represented in immediately adjacent parts of S1. The results also provide evidence that changes in functional connectivity between these adjacent areas of the cortex play a role in the somatotopic reorganization.

scholarly journals Treatment Strategies for Chronic Cases

2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-39
Author(s):  
Susan M Lord
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Treatment Strategy ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Shoulder Girdle ◽  
Somatic Pain ◽  
Levels Of Evidence ◽  
Whiplash Associated Disorders ◽  
Chronic Whiplash ◽  
Head Neck

The treatment of chronic somatic pain, including pain referred to the head, neck, shoulder girdle and upper limb from somatic structures, is addressed. Levels of evidence for the various treatments that have been prescribed for chronic whiplash associated disorders are considered. The challenge to find a treatment strategy for chronic pain after whiplash that completely relieves the condition and prevents its sequelae is reviewed.

The effect of forearm support on children’s head, neck and upper limb posture and muscle activity during computer use

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 965-974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon Straker ◽  
Robin Burgess-Limerick ◽  
Clare Pollock ◽  
Barbara Maslen
Keyword(s):  
Upper Limb ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Computer Use ◽  
Limb Posture ◽  
Head Neck

Trunk muscle size and function in volleyball players with and without injuries to the head, neck and upper limb

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie A. Hides ◽  
Felix T. Leung ◽  
Kate Watson ◽  
Anthony Trojman ◽  
Brittany Grantham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Upper Limb ◽  
Trunk Muscle ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Volleyball Players ◽  
And Function ◽  
Head Neck
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