Salmonella Intervention Strategies and Testing Methods Differ Greatly between the United States and Europe: What Are the Implications?

2012 ◽  
pp. 280-289
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Testing Methods

scholarly journals Detailed Transmission Network Analysis of a Large Opiate-Driven Outbreak of HIV Infection in the United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 216 (9) ◽  
pp. 1053-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellsworth M Campbell ◽  
Hongwei Jia ◽  
Anupama Shankar ◽  
Debra Hanson ◽  
Wei Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Transmission Network ◽  
Community Needs ◽  
High Resolution Reconstruction

We demonstrate that integration of laboratory, phylogenetic, and epidemiologic data sources allow detailed reconstruction of an outbreak. High-resolution reconstruction of outbreak phylodynamics allows prevention and intervention strategies to be tailored to community needs.

Standardizing Soil Testing Methods

1980 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 763-765
Author(s):  
Wayne Sabbe
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soil Testing ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Testing Methods ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Testing Laboratories ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium

Abstract Soil tests are performed to determine the amount of nutrients available to plants so that fertilizer and lime recommendations can be formulated. In 1951, State soil testing laboratories had numerous extractants for determining phosphorus and potassium. Twenty years later, only 3 extractants each were used for phosphorus and potassium. In the United States, a regional approach produced standardized methods for several of the most common soil testing procedures. These detailed standard methods resulted from identifying procedural causes for variations in soil test results. For example, the amount of nutrient extracted varied by size and shape of extraction vessel and speed and time of shaking. Currently, terminology and expression of soil test results, and a search for a more universal soil extractant, i.e., one that can be used to determine several rather than a single nutrient, are 2 of the main areas of effort.

Examining the Occupational Needs and OT Intervention Strategies Used With Refugee Populations: A Scoping Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 7512505113p1-7512505113p1
Author(s):  
Joseph Cipriani ◽  
Megan Davis ◽  
Emily Gralinski ◽  
Stephanie Monforte ◽  
Jacqueline Strausser
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Research Articles ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
The World ◽  
Primary Author ◽  
Growing Population

Abstract Date Presented 04/19/21 Refugees across the world are an ever-growing population, including in the United States. The purpose of this study was to conduct a scoping review of research from 2014 through 2018 relevant to OT practice with refugee populations. Fourteen peer-reviewed research articles were examined. A trend of more published evidence-based interventions emerged compared to earlier reviews, in addition to assessing needs of this nontraditional population. Implications for OT practice will be presented. Primary Author and Speaker: Joseph Cipriani Additional Authors and Speakers: Shifra Leiser

A Cross-Cultural Exploration of Academic Dishonesty

2019 ◽  
pp. 63-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minqi Pan ◽  
Beverly L. Stiles ◽  
Teresa C. Tempelmeyer ◽  
Newman Wong
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
United States ◽  
College Students ◽  
International Students ◽  
Academic Dishonesty ◽  
The United States ◽  
Review Literature ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Undergraduate College Students ◽  
A Current

Academic dishonesty (AD) continues to be of great concern in higher education (HE). In this chapter, the authors review literature in this area, with a particular emphasis on preventive interventions. In recent years, with the dramatic increase of international students in HE, the authors also address how cultural diversity may further complicate this issue. A current study of cheating behaviors is discussed comparing a sample of undergraduate college students from the United States (US) with a sample of undergraduate college students from China. With reference to those results, the authors then propose intervention strategies for reducing AD based on the literature and results of this comparative study.

scholarly journals Moral Values Predict County-Level COVID-19 Vaccination Rates in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farzan Karimi-Malekabadi ◽  
Nils Karl Reimer ◽  
Mohammad Atari ◽  
Jackson Trager ◽  
Brendan Kennedy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Voting Behavior ◽  
The United States ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
County Level ◽  
Structural Barriers ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
And Behavior

Despite the widespread availability of COVID-19 vaccines, the United States has a depressed rate of vaccination as of September 2021. Understanding the psychology of collective vaccine refusal, particularly the sources of variation across U.S. sub-populations, can aid in designing effective intervention strategies to increase vaccination across different regions. Here, we demonstrate that county-level moral values (i.e., Care, Fairness, Loyalty, Authority, and Purity) are associated with COVID-19 vaccination rates across 3,106 counties in the contiguous United States. Specifically, in line with our hypothesis, we find that fewer people are vaccinated in counties whose residents prioritize moral concerns about bodily and spiritual purity. Further, we find that stronger endorsements of concerns about fairness and loyalty to the group predict higher vaccination rates. These associations are robust after adjusting for structural barriers to vaccination, the demographic make-up of the counties, and their residents' political voting behavior. Our findings have implications for health communication, intervention strategies based on targeted messaging, and our fundamental understanding of the moral psychology of vaccination hesitancy and behavior.

scholarly journals Improving Cryptosporidium testing methods: a public health perspective

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (S1) ◽  
pp. 23-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
June M. Weintraub
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Testing Methods ◽  
Public Health Perspective ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Communication Task ◽  
Method 1623

Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite found in surface waters throughout the United States. Waterborne cryptosporidiosis outbreaks may be associated with contaminated drinking water supplies. The approved method, USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) Method 1623, for testing for the presence of Cryptosporidium in United States surface waters has several limitations. Firstly, recovery efficiency varies widely. Secondly, Method 1623 does not specify a mechanism for assessing the viability and infectivity of oocysts detected, or the Cryptosporidium species of the oocysts. Lastly, there are logistical limitations which are relevant to Method 1623 in particular, and to the state of the science of Cryptosporidium testing in general. Methods that give specific results more quickly, with higher recoveries and better consistency must be developed and made accessible for utilities to use. Improved Cryptosporidium testing methods can minimize uncertainty; this, in turn, will simplify the risk communication task, and the level of trust which the public has in the water utility can be maintained and improved. This paper reviews the current and ongoing research on analytical, monitoring, and sampling methods for Cryptosporidium, and identifies the needs that should be considered in future research.

scholarly journals Moral Values Predict County-Level COVID-19 Vaccination Rates in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farzan Karimi-Malekabadi ◽  
Nils Karl Reimer ◽  
Mohammad Atari ◽  
Jackson Trager ◽  
Brendan Kennedy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Voting Behavior ◽  
The United States ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
County Level ◽  
Structural Barriers ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
And Behavior

Despite the widespread availability of COVID-19 vaccines, the United States has a depressed rate of vaccination as of September 2021. Understanding the psychology of collective vaccine refusal, particularly the sources of variation across U.S. sub-populations, can aid in designing effective intervention strategies to increase vaccination across different regions. Here, we demonstrate that county-level moral values (i.e., Care, Fairness, Loyalty, Authority, and Purity) are associated with COVID-19 vaccination rates across 3,106 counties in the contiguous United States. Specifically, in line with our hypothesis, we find that fewer people are vaccinated in counties whose residents prioritize moral concerns about bodily and spiritual purity. Further, we find that stronger endorsements of concerns about fairness and loyalty to the group predict higher vaccination rates. These associations are robust after adjusting for structural barriers to vaccination, the demographic make-up of the counties, and their residents' political voting behavior. Our findings have implications for health communication, intervention strategies based on targeted messaging, and our fundamental understanding of the moral psychology of vaccination hesitancy and behavior.

scholarly journals Bovine Trichomonosis Cases in the United States 2015–2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katy A. Martin ◽  
Juli Henderson ◽  
Matthew T. Brewer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
National Level ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
Tritrichomonas Foetus ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Embryonic Death

Tritrichomonas foetus is a sexually-transmitted protozoan parasite that causes early embryonic death in cattle. Tritrichomonas foetus is enzootic in the United States but is not a reportable disease at the national level. Thus, it is difficult to understand the prevalence and relative distribution of the disease for the purpose of developing appropriate control measures. In this study, a survey of state veterinarians was used to determine the number of reported cases in each state from 2015 to 2019. Our investigation revealed infections in 25 different states and a total of 3,817 reported cases nationwide. Infections occurred throughout different regions of the country, and numbers of cases were only weakly correlated with total number of cattle in each state. Tritrichomonas foetus is a significant pathogen in the United States and understanding the relative distribution of the parasite is useful for prioritizing surveillance and intervention strategies going forward.

scholarly journals 2395 Developing a conceptual model of healthcare access for adolescent Latinas in the US South

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (S1) ◽  
pp. 68-68
Author(s):  
Mercedes M. M. Aleman ◽  
Gwendolyn Ferreti ◽  
Isabel C. Scarinci
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Disparities ◽  
Sexual Health ◽  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Healthcare Access ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Barriers And Facilitators ◽  
Sexual Healthcare

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Alabama (AL) experienced a 145% increase in its Latino population between 2000 and 2010; making it the state with the second fastest growing Latino population in the United States (US) during that time. Adolescent Latinas in the United States and in AL are disproportionately affected by sexual health disparities as evidenced by the disproportionate burden of HIV, STIs and early pregnancy compared with their non-Hispanic, White counterparts. In 2011, Alabama passed 1 of the harshest anti-immigration laws in the nation. Following the passing of this law, county health department visits among Latino adults decreased by 25% for STIs and 13% for family planning. Empirical data with adult Latinas in the Southeast suggest significant barriers to sexual healthcare access. However, to our knowledge, no other researchers have examined barriers and facilitators to sexual healthcare access for this subpopulation. Therefore, the goal of this 3-phase study is to: (a) better understand the factors underlying sexual health disparities and gaps in healthcare access among adolescent Latinas; (b) develop a conceptual model based on these data and the extant literature summarizing the theorized pathways through which factors at differing levels of the socioecological model of health (SEMH) impact sexual healthcare access for this group; and (c) develop community-driven, theory-based, culturally-relevant, multilevel intervention strategies to reduce sexual health disparities and increase sexual healthcare access for adolescent Latinas through a community-engaged, intervention mapping process. Community based participatory research (CBPR), which ensures equitable participation of stakeholder groups through partnerships, and the SEMH, which conceptualizes the individual as nested within a set of social structures, provide the philosophical and theoretical frameworks for the work. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: From January of 2017 to December of 2017 we completed phase 1 of the study: conducting and analyzing 20 semi-structured qualitative interviews with adolescents who: self-identified as Latina, were between 15 and 20 years of age, had been in the United States for over 5 years, and lived in one of the counties of West AL and 15 semi-structured qualitative interviews with key stakeholders (healthcare providers, parents, policy makers, etc.) who regularly work with Latina adolescents. Interview participants were recruited through purposeful-convenience sampling. Two bilingual (in English and Spanish) coders used an iterative process (between independent coding and consensus building) to analyze the data using NVivo 11. Phase 2 of the study is currently underway: constructing a conceptual model on sexual healthcare access for young Latinas in Alabama. We have utilized an iterative process between qualitative interview data collected in phase 1 and review of the extant literature to draft a conceptual model of healthcare access among adolescent Latinas in the US South. This model will serve as the foundation of future studies including the development of intervention strategies through a CBPR process (phase 3), to commence in January 2018. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: PHASE 1: Several barriers and facilitators to sexual healthcare access emerged from the semi-structured qualitative research interviews with young women. These included: (1) parental approval/disapproval and embarrassment (“pena”); (2) structural barriers/facilitators to care (e.g., lack of transportation, flexible clinic hours); and (3) negative/positive experiences with providers (e.g., perceived discrimination based on immigrant status). Key stakeholders identified the following barriers and facilitators to sexual healthcare access for adolescent Latinas in their interviews: (1) language barriers/need for interpreters and outreach workers to work with young Latina women; (2) need for better sexual health education across the state; (3) lack of knowledge among young women and their parents about institutions in general and sexual healthcare, in specific; and (4) perceived lack of “deservingness” and discrimination from providers/“not my patients” phenomenon. PHASE 2: This presentation will summarize the development of our conceptual model (see drafts attached). For ease of interpretation, we have created 2 sub-models (centering gender and immigration, respectively) which summarize theorized pathways through which policy, community, organizational, and family-level factors influence young Latina women’s access to sexual healthcare services. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The proposed research is significant because: (1) the state of AL experienced a dramatic increase in its Latino/a population over the last 15 years and adolescent Latinas in AL are disproportionately affected by sexual health disparities; (2) to our knowledge, this is the only study to examine the multilevel factors associated with sexual healthcare access for adolescent Latinas in the South and inform intervention strategies to promote sexual healthcare access in this population; (3) the work is being conducted under the philosophical lens of CBPR such that community members are involved in every step of the research process, resulting in culturally relevant and youth-specific intervention strategies.

Establishment of a Microbiological Profile for an Air-Chilling Poultry Operation in the United States†

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 272-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. FLUCKEY ◽  
M. X. SANCHEZ ◽  
S. R. McKEE ◽  
D. SMITH ◽  
E. PENDLETON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Microbiological Profile ◽  
Multiple Sampling ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

The microbiological profile of an air-chilling poultry process was investigated from the farm through the processing plant. Within a 1-year period, nine broiler flocks from four different farm sources were studied. Numbers of total aerobes, coliforms, psychrotrophic organisms, E. coli Biotype I (generic E. coli), Salmonella spp., and Campylobacter spp. were determined for multiple sampling sites on the farm as well as in the processing plant. Farm samples were collected the day before the chickens were slaughtered at the plant. The same flock was sampled at the plant on the day of slaughter. Sites located before evisceration (BE), after evisceration (AE), and after chilling (AC) were sampled. Results indicated a positive correlation between contamination of ceca with Salmonella on the farm and the presence Salmonella in carcass samples from the plant for all three types of sampling sites. The in-plant trend for total aerobes, coliforms, and generic E. coli revealed a significant decrease from counts obtained before evisceration to those obtained for the (AC) final product when flock variations were taken into account. The average coliform counts were 3.91, 3.27, and 2.59 log10 CFU/ml of rinse for BE, AE, and AC samples, respectively. Generic E. coli counts were 3.74, 3.08, and 2.20 log10 CFU/ml of rinse for BE, AE, and AC samples, respectively. No reductions in numbers of Campylobacter or Salmonella were observed during processing, which suggests that practical intervention strategies for lowering pathogen levels are critical on a multilevel basis at the farm and in the plant.

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