scholarly journals Global Consultation on Cancer Staging: To Promote Consistent Understanding and Use of Cancer Stage Terminology

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement 2) ◽  
pp. 151s-151s
Author(s):  
B. O'Sullivan ◽  
F. Moraes ◽  
S.H. Huang ◽  
M. Malcolm ◽  
J. Brierley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Control ◽  
Cancer Staging ◽  
Cancer Registries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cancer Surveillance ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Cancer Stage ◽  
Disease Extent ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Staging Systems

Background and context: Although the TNM stage schema has been the traditional means to classify anatomic extent of disease, in recent years confusion and uncertainty have emerged which underpinned by lack of familiarity concerning underlying rules of staging and their application. In turn such lack of clarity has led increased risk of miscommunication regarding patient care, research, cancer surveillance, epidemiology and cancer control. The UICC TNM Committee has confirmed a lack of uniformity in the application of cancer stage and its rules. In addition to stage, numerous other factors influence the outcome of patients as relate to tumor characteristics, patient descriptors, and the environment where any treatment is administered. A particularly a frequent problem is mixing disease extent and biology which has promoted additional misunderstanding about the importance and relevance of different individual prognostic elements and to what degree biology vs disease burden contribute to outcome. Aim: To ensure uniformity of staging systems, rules and classifications, the TNM Committee developed a global consensus on cancer staging. Strategy/Tactics: A selected literature review of twelve high impact oncology journals was performed and results will be summarized. There was inconsistent understanding and use of cancer stage classification terminology evident in up to 20% of the literature. A survey was developed and found that only 12.5% of those surveyed thought that the application of the TNM staging terminology was consistent and uniform in the literature. Respondents believed that complete T, N and M data should be recorded in cancer registries, 71% considered that other predictive and prognostic factors should also be collected by central cancer registries but that anatomic disease extent should be collected as a separate variable (85%). The Global Consultation on Cancer Staging was held under the auspices of the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) and Lancet Oncology with support from the United States (US) National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Experts from these organizations and FIGO (Fédération Internationale de Gynécologie et d´Obstétrique), IACR (International Association of Cancer Registries), IARC (International Agency for Research in Cancer), and the ICCR (International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting) attended. Program/Policy process: The purpose of the staging classification was reaffirmed. Important issues about staging processes were annunciated, and inconsistencies in terminology and use were acknowledged. Definitions of frequently misused staging terms were clarified. What was learned: It was determined that methodologies need to be explored to identify and include necessary data elements relevant to personalized treatment. Selection of factors should particularly include attention to their inclusion in cancer registries where appropriate.

scholarly journals Elevated Cancer-Specific Mortality Among HIV-Infected Patients in the United States

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (21) ◽  
pp. 2376-2383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna E. Coghill ◽  
Meredith S. Shiels ◽  
Gita Suneja ◽  
Eric A. Engels
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cancer Stage ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Patients With Cancer ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Cancer Specific Mortality

Purpose Despite advances in the treatment of HIV, HIV-infected people remain at increased risk for many cancers, and the number of non–AIDS-defining cancers is increasing with the aging of the HIV-infected population. No prior study has comprehensively evaluated the effect of HIV on cancer-specific mortality. Patients and Methods We identified cases of 14 common cancers occurring from 1996 to 2010 in six US states participating in a linkage of cancer and HIV/AIDS registries. We used Cox regression to examine the association between patient HIV status and death resulting from the presenting cancer (ascertained from death certificates), adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, year of cancer diagnosis, and cancer stage. We included 1,816,461 patients with cancer, 6,459 (0.36%) of whom were HIV infected. Results Cancer-specific mortality was significantly elevated in HIV-infected compared with HIV-uninfected patients for many cancers: colorectum (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.49; 95% CI, 1.21 to 1.84), pancreas (HR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.35 to 2.18), larynx (HR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.06 to 2.47), lung (HR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.17 to 1.39), melanoma (HR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.09 to 2.70), breast (HR, 2.61; 95% CI, 2.06 to 3.31), and prostate (HR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.02 to 2.41). HIV was not associated with increased cancer-specific mortality for anal cancer, Hodgkin lymphoma, or diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. After further adjustment for cancer treatment, HIV remained associated with elevated cancer-specific mortality for common non–AIDS-defining cancers: colorectum (HR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.80), lung (HR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.44), melanoma (HR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.14 to 3.27), and breast (HR, 2.64; 95% CI, 1.86 to 3.73). Conclusion HIV-infected patients with cancer experienced higher cancer-specific mortality than HIV-uninfected patients, independent of cancer stage or receipt of cancer treatment. The elevation in cancer-specific mortality among HIV-infected patients may be attributable to unmeasured stage or treatment differences as well as a direct relationship between immunosuppression and tumor progression.

scholarly journals Risk of nasopharyngeal cancer in productive sectors and formaldehyde exposure in bakeries industry

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
L Miligi ◽  
S Massari ◽  
R I Paredes Alpaca ◽  
S Piro ◽  
C Airoldi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Exposure ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Cancer ◽  
Cancer Registries ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Work Process ◽  
Occupational Risks ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Traditional Sector

Abstract Background The International Agency for Research on Cancer evaluated formaldehyde (F) as carcinogenic for human in association with Nasopharyngeal Cancer (NPC). Occupational exposure to F occurs in many industrial sectors also in those non-traditional. For example in Tuscany F was detected in a bakery where a NPC case had ever worked. Methods In this study a) A case control approach (OCCAM) was used for monitoring occupational risks based on current information sources. Three Italian Regional Operating Centres, collected NPC cases from cancer registries and/or hospital discharge records. Controls were randomly sampled from the regional health service population data. Occupational histories were available through record linkage with the social security pension database (INPS). Study results were reported by industrial sectors, area and gender. b) A specific study on F exposure was conducted in bakeries and pastry industry carrying out measurements to determine the concentration of F in specific tasks and positions. Results 717 cases linked with INPS database. Increased ORs for several industrial sectors such as iron and steel, wood and plastic were observed. In two regions also health and veterinary services and hairdressers were at increased risk, but based on few cases of exposed workers. In the non traditional sector of bakeries and pastry industries, where workplaces were monitored, high levels of F in personal air samplings were found, in particular in processes that involve a strong leavening. Conclusions Many productive sectors, in which F exposure could occurred, were observed to be at higher risk. The measurements performed in the non traditional sector monitored, confirmed the F exposure in some phases of the work process. With this study we contributed to increased knowledge on the risk of NPC within the monitoring system of occupational risks, and to deepen exposure to F in a non traditional productive sector such as bakeries and pastry industries. Key messages The epidemiological method used (OCCAM) in this study provides further information on the role of occupational exposure in the development of nasopharyngeal cancer. The measurements performed in the bakeries and pastry industries provide new additional information on the exposure to formaldehyde in some work process phases of a non-traditional productive sector.

Colorectal Cancer

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cathy Eng
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Staging System ◽  
Occult Blood ◽  
Cancer Staging ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tnm Staging ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Fecal Occult Blood ◽  
Screening And Surveillance ◽  
Staging Systems

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Although environmental factors, including diet and lifestyle, clearly play a role in the etiology of colorectal cancer, as many as 25% of patients with colorectal cancer have a family history of the disease, which suggests the involvement of a genetic factor. Inherited colon cancers can be divided into two main types: the well-studied but rare familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) syndrome, and the increasingly well-characterized, more common hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC, a.k.a. Lynch Syndrome). The prevention, screening, diagnosis, and treatment of cancers of the colon and rectum are covered in this chapter. Figures illustrate various forms of adenomatous polyps, the tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) staging system for colorectal cancer, and the five-year survival rate in patients with colorectal carcinoma. Tables describe risk factors; possible chemopreventive agents; evidence supporting the effectiveness of screening tests; features and usage issues with different fecal occult blood tests; recommendations for early detection, screening, and surveillance for patients at different levels of risk; colorectal cancer staging systems; indicators of poor prognosis; and chemotherapeutic and biologic agents in the treatment of colorectal cancer. This chapter contains 197 references.

scholarly journals Global Health Strategy for Cancer: Think Globally, Act Locally! Building a Collaborative Partnership Between Manitoba (Canada) and Jaffna (Sri Lanka)

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement 2) ◽  
pp. 152s-152s
Author(s):  
D. Turner ◽  
S. Navaratnam ◽  
R. Surenthirakumaran ◽  
R. Koul ◽  
H. Unruh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Health Equity ◽  
Cancer Control ◽  
Cancer Surveillance ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Project Proposal ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The University ◽  
Global Health Equity

Background and context: The number of people diagnosed with cancer worldwide is estimated to double by 2035. The greatest increase is expected in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) due to demographic changes, such as ageing and growing populations, and increasing exposure to risk factors. Approximately 8.8 million people die each year of cancer, or one in 6 deaths globally. The Canadian government has recently renewed its commitment as a progressive global citizen with efforts including improvement of global health equity. CancerCare Manitoba is the provincial agency responsible for cancer and blood disorders, including the delivery of a wide range of clinical services from prevention to screening to treatment and supportive services, as well as cancer surveillance, research, and education. CancerCare Manitoba has identified potential partnerships with governments, nongovernmental organizations, academic institutions, and funders to address current and future challenges related to global cancer control. This includes several LMIC partners who have expressed an interest in working with Manitoba on cancer-related issues. In this presentation, we will describe our plans and early experience with a team from the University of Jaffna, the northern region of Sri Lanka. With a focus initially on surveillance and cancer control planning, there is an excellent opportunity for mutual learning and advancement of programs for cancer surveillance and planning. Aim: To establish a local partnership by connecting Manitoba, Canada with an engaged team from the University of Jaffna, Sri Lanka to advance cancer surveillance and planning, and contribute to the “global war on cancer”. Strategy/Tactics: A phased approach is being taken to address locally identified needs for cancer control. CancerCare Manitoba staff will be part of the mentorship team working with local partners in Jaffna to ensure development of local capacity. Specifically, we will: initiate cancer surveillance and establish a cancer registry in Jaffna (building from a cross-sectional study → hospital based registry → regional registry); analyze data and report on patterns; and establish a strategic plan for cancer control. Program/Policy process: Early planning is underway, involving collaborators from Manitoba and Jaffna. A project proposal has been developed to provide scope and acquire seed funding. Outcomes: Success will be determined based on the context of each program, including: establishing a framework for cancer surveillance; satisfaction of local and international partners (e.g., the Global Cancer Surveillance unit at the International Agency for Research in Cancer); and production of reports as a basis for cancer control. What was learned: Early learnings include the importance of local engagement and dedicated mentorship to advance global health equity, manage challenges around (sustained) funding, and establish a foundation of motivated partners.

scholarly journals Closing the Gap on the Availability of Cancer Staging Information for Healthcare Providers in the Global Cancer Community: Development of a Multilingual Cancer Staging Video Series

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement 2) ◽  
pp. 173s-173s
Author(s):  
F.Y. Moraes ◽  
M. Giuliani ◽  
N.K. Quartey ◽  
J. Cardozo ◽  
N. Icliates ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Web Sites ◽  
Cancer Education ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Tnm Classification ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Cancer Control ◽  
Cancer Staging ◽  
Video Production ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Cancer Stage

Background and context: Tumor, Node, Metastases (TNM) classification system provide valuable measures to researchers in facilitating the understanding of disparities in outcomes and allowing for the comparison of these outcomes over time. There is a lack of multimodal formats for disseminating comprehensive information and education about cancer stage to the global cancer community. To address this gap, the Departments of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Education at the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (PM) (Toronto, Canada) in collaboration with The Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) envisioned the development of a cancer staging video series. Aim: To provide current and accurate information on cancer staging to healthcare professionals and stakeholders for global cancer control. Strategy/Tactics: The Cancer Education program worked with experts in the field of cancer staging to develop 8 videos (average length 4 min) to provide information to the global cancer community about existing information on key issues with cancer staging and how to properly stage patients using the TNM classification. Videos include references to current research and examples of staging across various cancers to illustrate and reinforce the importance of cancer staging. Script development involved defining key messages, refining learning objectives and breaking up information to ensure the content is digestible and easy to understand. Prior to video production, draft scripts were reviewed by international collaborators for completeness of information and accuracy of content. Videos contain appropriate text on screen to reinforce key messages and include a narrated voiceover to orient the learner. To expand the global reach, trained faculties translated the English videos and scripts, into the 5 official United Nations languages: Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish. Program/Policy process: Videos in the cancer staging series include: The Importance of Cancer Staging; What is Cancer Stage; General Rules for Cancer Staging; Cancer Staging Examples; Staging Terminology; Importance of a Common Stage Language; Why Stage Language Changes; Essential TNM. Videos will be made available on UICC and PM Web sites (free of charge and globally advertised). Outcomes: The video series will increase education and awareness on the importance of a unified approach to cancer staging among the larger community and have the aim to empower the community on how to access cancer and define prognosis, treatment and or trial eligibility. What was learned: The development and promotion of the cancer staging video series was a meaningful, collaborative and challenging activity. It was learned that educational videos need to be well-designed and simple to provide axiomatic information on cancer stating to the global cancer control community.

scholarly journals Anti-angiogenesis Therapy in Cancer Treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thi Thanh Binh Nguyen ◽  
Dang Thi Ngan ◽  
Nguyen Thanh Hai
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Cancer Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Clinical Cancer Research ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Endothelial Growth Factor

Angiogenesis plays a crucial role in the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. Unlike conventional chemotherapy, anti-angiogenesis drugs inhibit the formation of new blood vessels, reduce the nutrition and oxygen supply to the tumour, thus halting disease progression. In the last fifteen years, Food and Drug Administration of the United States has approved more than ten anti-cancer drugs of this group, namely the monoclonal antibody bevacizumab and small molecules drugs such as temsirolimus, sunitinib, axitinib and sorafenib. Other anti-angiogenesis agents are currently undergoing clinical trials. In addition to treating cancer, these agents have also potential applications in the treatment of complications related to angiogenesis in diabetes, arthritis, psoriasis and collagen-related diseases. Keywords Anti-angiogenesis, angiogenesis, cancer, metastasis, treatment. References [1] International Agency for Research on Cancer WHO, International agency for research on cancer – world health organization. https://www.iarc.fr/featured-news/latest-global-cancer-data-cancer-burden-rises-to-18-1-million-new-cases-and-9-6-million-cancer-deaths-in-2018 (accessed 19 February 2019).[2] International Agency for Research on Cancer France, Cancer today - International agency for research on cancer – world health organization. https://gco.iarc.fr(accessed 19 February 2019).[3] D.W. Siemann, M.C. Bibby, G.G. Dark, A.P. Dicker, FALM. Eskens, et al. Differentiation and Definition of Vascular-Targeted Therapies. Clinical Cancer Research. 11(2) (2005) 416–420.[4] J. Folkman, Tumor angiogenesis: therapeutic implications, The New England Journal of Medicine. 285(21) (1971) 1182-1186.[5] D. Hanahan, J. Folkman. Patterns of emerging mechanisms of the angiogenic switch during tumorigenesis. Cell. 86(3) (1996) 353–64.[6] G. Gasparini. The rationale and future potential of angiogenesis inhibitors in neoplasia. Drugs. 58(1) (1999) 17-38.[7] J. Folkman, E. Braunwald, A.S. Fauci, D.L. Kasper, S.L. Hauser, D.L. Longo, J.L. Jameson, editors. Angiogenesis. Harrison’s textbook of internal medicine. fifteen ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, 2001. pp. 517–530.[8] J. Folkman. Angiogenesis research: From Laboratory to clinic. Forum Genova. 9(3) (1999) 59–62.[9] S. Liekens, E. De Clercq, J. Neyts. Angiogenesis: Regulators and clinical applications. Biochemical Pharmacology. 61(3) (2001) 253–270.[10] L. Rosen. Clinical experience with angiogenesis signaling inhibitors: Focus on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) blockers, Cancer Control. 9(2) (2002) 36-44.[11] A.L. Harris. Angiogenesis as a new target for cancer control. European Journal of Cancer Supplements. 1(2) (2003) 1-12.[12] D.W. Siemann. Vascular Targeting Agents. horizons in cancer therapeutics from bench to bedside. 3(2) (2002) 4–15.[13] B.G. Wouters, S.A. Weppler, M. Koritzinsky, W. Landuyt, S. Nuyts, et al. Hypoxia as a target for combined modality treatments, European Journal of Cancer. 38(2) (2002) 240–257.[14] P. Carmeliet, R.K. Jain. Angiogenesis in cancer and other diseases. Nature. 407(6801) (2000) 249-257.[15] J.W. Rak, B.D. St. Croix, R.S. Kerbel. Consequences of angiogenesis for tumor progression, metastasis and cancer therapy. Anticancer Drugs. 6(1) (1995) 3–18.[16] J. Hamada, P.G. Cavanaugh, O. Lotan, G.L. Nicolson. Separable growth and migration factors for large-cell lymphoma cells secreted by microvascular endothelial cells derived from target organs for metastasis. British Journal of Cancer. 66(2) (1992) 349-54.[17] J. Denekamp. Vascular attack as a therapeutic strategy for cancer. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews. 9(3) (1990) 267–282.[18] J. Denekamp. Angiogenesis, neovascular proliferation and vascular pathophysiology as targets for cancer therapy. The British Institute of Radiology. 66(783) (1993) 181–186.[19] H.P. Eikesdal, H. Sugimoto, G. Birrane, Y. Maeshima, V.G. Cooke, et al. Identification of amino acids essential for the antiangiogenic activity of tumstatin and its use in combination antitumor activity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105(39) (2008) 15040–15045.[20] F. Ciardiello, R. Caputo, R. Bianco, V. Damiano, G. Fontanini, et al. Inhibition of growth factor production and angiogenesis in human cancer cells by ZD1839 (Iressa),a selective epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Clinical Cancer Research. 7(5) (2001) 1459–1465.[21] T. Kamba, D.M. McDonald. Mechanisms of adverse effects of anti-VEGF therapy for cancer. British Journal of Cancer. 96(12) (2007) 1788–1795.[22] S.M. Gressett, S.R. Shah. Intricacies of bevacizumab-induced toxicities and their management. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 43(3) (2009) 490–501[23] S. Goel, D.G. Duda, L. Xu, L.L. Munn, Y. Boucher, et al. Normalization of the vasculature for treatment of cancer and other diseases. Physiological Reviews. 91(3) (2011) 1071–1121.[24] T. Sudha, D.J. Bharali, M. Yalcin, N.H. Darwish, M.D. Coskun, et al. Targeted delivery of paclitaxel and doxorubicin to cancer xenografts via the nanoparticle of nano-diamino-tetrac. International Journal of Nanomedicine. 12(3) (2017) 1305–1315.[25] T. Sudha, D.J. Bharali, M. Yalcin, N.H. Darwish, M.D. Coskun, et al. Targeted delivery of cisplatin to tumor xenografts via the nanoparticle component of nano-diamino-tetrac. Nanomedicine. 12(3) (2017) 195–205.[26] M.Rajabi, S.A. Mousa. The Role of Angiogenesis in Cancer Treatment. Biomedicines. 5(2) (2017) 34-45.[27] J.Y. Hsu, H.A. Wakelee. Monoclonal antibodies targeting vascular endothelial growth factor: Current status and future challenges in cancer therapy. BioDrugs. 23(5) (2009) 289–304.[28] M. Zhou, P. Yu, X. Qu, Y. Liu, J. Zhang. Phase III trials of standard chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab for ovarian cancer: A meta-analysis, Plos One. 8(12) (2013) e81858.[29] D.H. Johnson, L. Fehrenbacher, W.F. Novotny, R.S. Herbst, J.J. Nemunaitis, et al. Randomized phase II trial comparing bevacizumab plus carboplatin and paclitaxel with carboplatin and paclitaxel alone in previously untreated locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 22(11) (2004) 2184–2191.[30] B.J. Giantonio, D.E. Levy, P.J. O’Dwyer, N.J. Meropol, P.J. Catalano, et al. A phase II study of high-dose bevacizumab in combination with irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, as initial therapy for advanced colorectal cancer: Results from the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study E2200, Annals of Oncology. 17(9) (2006) 1399–1403.

Colorectal Cancer

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cathy Eng
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Staging System ◽  
Occult Blood ◽  
Cancer Staging ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tnm Staging ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Fecal Occult Blood ◽  
Screening And Surveillance ◽  
Staging Systems

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Although environmental factors, including diet and lifestyle, clearly play a role in the etiology of colorectal cancer, as many as 25% of patients with colorectal cancer have a family history of the disease, which suggests the involvement of a genetic factor. Inherited colon cancers can be divided into two main types: the well-studied but rare familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) syndrome, and the increasingly well-characterized, more common hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC, a.k.a. Lynch Syndrome). The prevention, screening, diagnosis, and treatment of cancers of the colon and rectum are covered in this chapter. Figures illustrate various forms of adenomatous polyps, the tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) staging system for colorectal cancer, and the five-year survival rate in patients with colorectal carcinoma. Tables describe risk factors; possible chemopreventive agents; evidence supporting the effectiveness of screening tests; features and usage issues with different fecal occult blood tests; recommendations for early detection, screening, and surveillance for patients at different levels of risk; colorectal cancer staging systems; indicators of poor prognosis; and chemotherapeutic and biologic agents in the treatment of colorectal cancer. This chapter contains 197 references.

scholarly journals Challenges of the Oral Cancer Burden in India

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Russell Coelho
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Cancer Control ◽  
Cancer Registries ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
World Health ◽  
Future Research ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Quality Of Data ◽  
Disease Case

Oral cancer ranks in the top three of all cancers in India, which accounts for over thirty per cent of all cancers reported in the country and oral cancer control is quickly becoming a global health priority. This paper provides a synopsis of the incidence of oral cancer in India by focusing on its measurement in cancer registries across the country. Based on the International Classification of Disease case definition adopted by the World Health Organisation, and the International Agency for Research on Cancer, this review systematically examines primary and secondary data where the incidence or prevalence of oral cancer is known to be directly reported. Variability in age-adjusted incidence with crude incidence is projected to increase by 2030. Challenges focus on measurement of disease incidence and disease-specific risk behavior, predominantly, alcohol, and tobacco use. Future research should be aimed at improving quality of data for early detection and prevention of oral cancer.

Colorectal Cancer

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cathy Eng
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Staging System ◽  
Occult Blood ◽  
Cancer Staging ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tnm Staging ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Fecal Occult Blood ◽  
Screening And Surveillance ◽  
Staging Systems

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Although environmental factors, including diet and lifestyle, clearly play a role in the etiology of colorectal cancer, as many as 25% of patients with colorectal cancer have a family history of the disease, which suggests the involvement of a genetic factor. Inherited colon cancers can be divided into two main types: the well-studied but rare familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) syndrome, and the increasingly well-characterized, more common hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC, a.k.a. Lynch Syndrome). The prevention, screening, diagnosis, and treatment of cancers of the colon and rectum are covered in this chapter. Figures illustrate various forms of adenomatous polyps, the tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) staging system for colorectal cancer, and the five-year survival rate in patients with colorectal carcinoma. Tables describe risk factors; possible chemopreventive agents; evidence supporting the effectiveness of screening tests; features and usage issues with different fecal occult blood tests; recommendations for early detection, screening, and surveillance for patients at different levels of risk; colorectal cancer staging systems; indicators of poor prognosis; and chemotherapeutic and biologic agents in the treatment of colorectal cancer. This chapter contains 197 references.

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