scholarly journals 2016–2017 Central Italy Earthquake Sequence: Seismic Retrofit Policy and Effectiveness

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 1671-1691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Mazzoni ◽  
Giulio Castori ◽  
Carmine Galasso ◽  
Paolo Calvi ◽  
Richard Dreyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Earthquake Sequence ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Central Italy Earthquake ◽  
Critical Facilities ◽  
The Impact

The 2016–2017 Central Italy earthquake sequence consisted of several moderately high-magnitude earthquakes, between M5.5 and M6.5, each centered in a different location and with its own sequences of aftershocks spanning several months. To study the effects of this earthquake sequence on the built environment and the impact on the communities, a collaborative reconnaissance effort was organized by the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI), the Eucentre Foundation, the European Centre for Training and Research in Earthquake Engineering (EUCentre), and the Rete dei Laboratori Universitari di Ingegneria Sismica (ReLuis). The effort consisted of two reconnaissance missions: one following the Amatrice Earthquake of 24 August 2016 and one after the end of the earthquake sequence, in May 2017. One objective of the reconnaissance effort was to evaluate existing strengthening methodologies and assess their effectiveness in mitigating the damaging effects of ground shaking. Parallel studies by the Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER) Association, presented in a companion paper, demonstrate that variations in-ground motions due to topographic site effects had a significant impact on damage distribution in the affected area. This paper presents that, in addition to these ground motion variations, variations in the vulnerability of residential and critical facilities were observed to have a significant impact on the level of damage in the region. The damage to the historical centers of Amatrice and Norcia will be used in this evaluation: the historical center of Amatrice was devastated by the sequence of earthquakes; the significant damage in Norcia was localized to individual buildings. Amatrice has not experienced the same number of devastating earthquakes as Norcia in the last 150 years. As a result, its building stock is much older than that of Norcia and there appeared to be little visual evidence of strengthening of the buildings. The distribution of damage observed throughout the region was found to be indicative of the effectiveness of strengthening and of the need for a comprehensive implementation of retrofit policies.

scholarly journals Strong Ground Motion Characteristics from 2016 Central Italy Earthquake Sequence

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 1611-1637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Zimmaro ◽  
Giuseppe Scasserra ◽  
Jonathan P. Stewart ◽  
Tadahiro Kishida ◽  
Giuseppe Tropeano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Hanging Wall ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Normal Fault ◽  
Earthquake Sequence ◽  
Rupture Directivity ◽  
Global Models ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Central Italy Earthquake ◽  
Anelastic Attenuation

The Central Italy earthquake sequence has, to date, generated three mainshocks: M6.1 24 August, M5.9 26 October, and M6.5 30 October 2016. These events, along with aftershocks, were well recorded by Italian networks, and are among the normal fault earthquakes with the highest number of recordings globally. We process records for six events using procedures developed during the latest Next Generation Attenuation (NGA-West2) project, coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER). Many recording sites lacked V S30 assignments, which we provide using measured shear wave velocity profiles where available and a local geology proxy otherwise. Stations at close distance, including near the hanging wall, exhibit fling step in some cases but no obvious rupture directivity. The data exhibit fast anelastic attenuation at large distances (>100 km), as predicted by recent Italy-adjusted global models, but not by Italy-specific models. We partition residuals from Italy-adjusted global models, finding negative event terms at short periods (weaker than average shaking). We apply Kriging of within-event peak acceleration and velocity residuals using a global semi-variogram model to estimate the spatial distribution of peak accelerations and velocities, which are generally most intense southwest of Mt. Vettore.

scholarly journals Exceedance of design actions in epicentral areas: insights from the ShakeMap envelopes for the 2016–2017 central Italy sequence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iunio Iervolino ◽  
Pasquale Cito ◽  
Chiara Felicetta ◽  
Giovanni Lanzano ◽  
Antonio Vitale
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Structural Engineering ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Civil Defense ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Seismic Sequence ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Motion Effect ◽  
Observed Damage

AbstractShakeMap is the tool to evaluate the ground motion effect of earthquakes in vast areas. It is useful to delimit the zones where the shaking is expected to have been most significant, for civil defense rapid response. From the earthquake engineering point of view, it can be used to infer the seismic actions on the built environment to calibrate vulnerability models or to define the reconstruction policies based on observed damage vs shaking. In the case of long-lasting seismic sequences, it can be useful to develop ShakeMap envelopes, that is, maps of the largest ground intensity among those from the ShakeMap of (selected) events of a seismic sequence, to delimit areas where the effects of the whole sequence have been of structural engineering relevance. This study introduces ShakeMap envelopes and discusses them for the central Italy 2016–2017 seismic sequence. The specific goals of the study are: (i) to compare the envelopes and the ShakeMap of the main events of the sequence to make the case for sequence-based maps; (ii) to quantify the exceedance of design seismic actions based on the envelopes; (iii) to make envelopes available for further studies and the reconstruction planning; (iv) to gather insights on the (repeated) exceedance of design seismic actions at some sites. Results, which include considerations of uncertainty in ShakeMap, show that the sequence caused exceedance of design hazard in thousands of square kilometers. The most relevant effects of the sequence are, as expected, due to the mainshock, yet seismic actions larger than those enforced by the code for structural design are found also around the epicenters of the smaller magnitude events. At some locations, the succession of ground-shaking that has excited structures, provides insights on structural damage accumulation that has likely taken place; something that is not accounted for explicitly in modern seismic design. The envelopes developed are available as supplemental material.

Remarks on damage and response of school buildings after the Central Italy earthquake sequence

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 5679-5700 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Di Ludovico ◽  
A. Digrisolo ◽  
C. Moroni ◽  
F. Graziotti ◽  
V. Manfredi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Italy ◽  
Earthquake Sequence ◽  
School Buildings ◽  
Central Italy Earthquake

Active Faulting in Source Region of 2016–2017 Central Italy Event Sequence

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 1557-1583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Galadini ◽  
Emanuela Falcucci ◽  
Stefano Gori ◽  
Paolo Zimmaro ◽  
Daniele Cheloni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Source Region ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Active Faults ◽  
Earthquake Sequence ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Fault Plane Solutions ◽  
Moment Tensors ◽  
Central Italy Earthquake ◽  
Finite Fault ◽  
Main Shocks

The Central Italy earthquake sequence produced three main shocks: M6.1 24 August, M5.9 26 October, and M6.5 30 October 2016. Additional M5–5.5 events struck this territory on 18 January 2017 in the Campotosto area. Fault plane solutions for the main shocks exhibit normal faulting (characteristic of crustal extension occurring in the inner central Apennines). Significant evidence, including hypocenter locations, strike and dip angles of the moment tensors, inverted finite fault models (using GPS, interferometric aperture radar, and ground motion data), and surface rupture patterns, all point to the earthquakes having been generated on the Mt. Vettore–Mt. Bove fault system (all three main shocks) and on the Amatrice fault, in the northern sector of the Laga Mountains (portion of 24 August event). The earthquake sequence provides examples of both synthetic and antithetic ruptures on a single fault system (30 October event) and rupture between two faults (24 August event). We describe active faults in the region and their segmentation and present understanding of the potential for linkages between segments (or faults) in the generation of large earthquakes.

scholarly journals Local Site Effects and Incremental Damage of Buildings during the 2016 Central Italy Earthquake Sequence

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 1639-1669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasios Sextos ◽  
Raffaele De Risi ◽  
Alessandro Pagliaroli ◽  
Sebastiano Foti ◽  
Federico Passeri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Site Effects ◽  
Seismic Waves ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Earthquake Sequence ◽  
Topographic Effects ◽  
Local Site Effects ◽  
Central Italy Earthquake ◽  
Local Site ◽  
Sequence Of Events

The Central Italy earthquake sequence initiated on 24 August 2016 with a moment magnitude M6.1 event, followed by two earthquakes (M5.9 and M6.5) on 26 and 30 October, caused significant damage and loss of life in the town of Amatrice and other nearby villages and hamlets. The significance of this sequence led to a major international reconnaissance effort to thoroughly examine the effects of this disaster. Specifically, this paper presents evidences of strong local site effects (i.e., amplification of seismic waves because of stratigraphic and topographic effects that leads to damage concentration in certain areas). It also examines the damage patterns observed along the entire sequence of events in association with the spatial distribution of ground motion intensity with emphasis on the clearly distinct performance of reinforced concrete and masonry structures under multiple excitations. The paper concludes with a critical assessment of past retrofit measures efficiency and a series of lessons learned as per the behavior of structures to a sequence of strong earthquake events.

Fault fragment control in the 1997 Umbria-Marche, central Italy, Earthquake Sequence

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 1069-1072 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustapha Meghraoui ◽  
Vittorio Bosi ◽  
Thierry Camelbeeck
Keyword(s):  
Central Italy ◽  
Earthquake Sequence ◽  
Central Italy Earthquake

Survey of Geotechnical Engineering Aspects of the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami and the March 2005 Nias–Simeulue Earthquake

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 495-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Wayan Sengara ◽  
Nanang Puspito ◽  
Engkon Kertapati ◽  
Hendarto
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Geotechnical Engineering ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Building Collapse ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Motion Characteristics ◽  
Strong Ground ◽  
Reconnaissance Surveys

Reconnaissance surveys of building and infrastructure damage related to geotechnical engineering aspects were conducted four to six weeks after the 26 December 2004 earthquake and five weeks after the 28 March 2005 earthquake. These surveys identified many instances of building collapse and infrastructure damage that were probably caused by strong ground shaking and/or liquefaction-induced foundation or embankment failures. The survey results suggest the need for earthquake engineering research that identifies likely future earthquakes and their ground motion characteristics. Because of the observed variation in the level of damage, a seismic microzonation study should be performed to identify the spatial variability of strong ground shaking for the purpose of reconstruction and future planning of cities in Nangroe Aceh Darrusalam Province and Nias Island.

scholarly journals Geodetic model of the 2016 Central Italy earthquake sequence inferred from InSAR and GPS data

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (13) ◽  
pp. 6778-6787 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Cheloni ◽  
V. De Novellis ◽  
M. Albano ◽  
A. Antonioli ◽  
M. Anzidei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Italy ◽  
Earthquake Sequence ◽  
Gps Data ◽  
Central Italy Earthquake
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