scholarly journals Fragility of Hydraulic Elevators for Use in Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 459-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Porter
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Cumulative Distribution ◽  
Nonstructural Components ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Fragility Function ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Applied Technology ◽  
Binary Regression Analysis ◽  
Ground Motion Records ◽  
Performance Based Earthquake Engineering

New performance-based earthquake engineering methods developed by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, the Applied Technology Council, and others include damage analysis at a highly detailed level, requiring the compilation of fragility functions for a large number of damageable generic structural and nonstructural components. This brief paper presents the development of a fragility function for hydraulic elevators. It uses post-earthquake survey data from 91 elevators in nine California locations after two earthquakes. Surveys were used to collect data on facilities and elevators. Ground-motion records from the California Integrated Seismic Network were used to estimate engineering demands at each site. Binary regression analysis was used to fit a fragility function, which takes the form of a lognormal cumulative distribution function with median value of PGA=0.42 g and logarithmic standard deviation of 0.3. The fragility function appears to be reasonable based on four criteria.

Probabilistic performance-based seismic assessment of an existing masonry building

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 271-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Giordano ◽  
Khalid M. Mosalam ◽  
Selim Günay
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Masonry Building ◽  
Loss Assessment ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Seismic Loss ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Observed Damage ◽  
Seismic Loss Assessment ◽  
Performance Based Earthquake Engineering

Existing unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings represent a significant part of the constructed facilities. Unfortunately, in case of seismic actions, their structural behavior is negatively affected by the low capacity of masonry components to withstand lateral forces. For this reason, in the past decades, URM buildings have been responsible for fatalities and large economic losses even in the case of moderate earthquakes. This article presents the seismic loss assessment of an old masonry building damaged during the 2014 South Napa earthquake using the framework of the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center’s Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering. For this purpose, the performance is expressed in terms of expected monetary loss curves for different hazard scenarios. Structural and non-structural losses are considered in the analysis using a practical, yet accurate, structural idealization of the URM building, which is validated by the observed damage from the 2014 South Napa earthquake.

Estimating Downtime from Data on Residential Buildings after the Northridge and Loma Prieta Earthquakes

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 951-965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Comerio ◽  
Howard E. Blecher
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Northridge Earthquake ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Loma Prieta Earthquake ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Time Gap ◽  
Loma Prieta ◽  
Recent Earthquakes ◽  
Performance Based Earthquake Engineering

The performance-based earthquake engineering (PBEE) methodology developed by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) center uses data from recent earthquakes to calibrate its loss models. This paper describes a detailed review of building department permit data from the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake and the 1994 Northridge earthquake. Although the data is limited to wood-framed residential structures, it provides some insight into the length of time between an event and re-occupancy. Based on a review of approximately 4,900 records, the typical repair of damaged multifamily residential buildings required two years and building replacement required almost four years. When this data is supplemented with additional case studies from other events, the capacity to better calibrate downtime models will improve, particularly if construction-repair times are separated from estimates of the time gap between closure and start-of-repair.

scholarly journals A New Methodology to Assess Indirect Losses in Bridges Subjected to Multiple Hazards

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Forcellini
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Direct Costs ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Multiple Hazards ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Indirect Losses ◽  
Performance Based Earthquake Engineering ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Original Configuration

Decision making approaches to manage bridge recovering after the impact of multiple hazards are increasing all over the world. In particular, bridges can be considered critical links in highway networks because of their vulnerability and their resilience can be assessed on the basis of evaluation of direct and indirect losses. This paper aims at proposing a new methodology to assess indirect losses for bridges subjected to multiple hazards. The method applied to calculate direct costs is the credited Performance Based Earthquake Engineering (PBEE) methodology by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) center. Therefore, the main objective of the study consists in the assessment of indirect losses that are generally neglected elsewhere. In particular, the paper proposes to calculate indirect losses from direct costs and to divide them into connectivity losses and prolongation of time. The presented formulation has been applied to a real case study aimed at strengthening a benchmark bridge with several isolated configurations. The results show that the application of the proposed methodology allows to evaluate possible solutions to strengthen the original configuration.

Discussion of “A Framework to Evaluate the Benefit of Seismic Upgrading”

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 1511-1514
Author(s):  
Panagiotis Galanis ◽  
Marco Broccardo ◽  
Lukas Bodenmann ◽  
Božidar Stojadinović
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Existing Buildings ◽  
Seismic Evaluation ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Existing Structures ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The One ◽  
Performance Based Earthquake Engineering

Discussers (Michel et al.) address the paper “A Framework to Evaluate the Benefit of Seismic Upgrading” written by the coauthors of this response. Discussers present the compliance factor approach to evaluate existing structures and determine the need for a seismic upgrade implemented in the Swiss code SIA 269/8 and compare this approach to the one presented in the discussed paper. The approach proposed in the discussed paper combines elements of the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) Center Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering (PBEE) framework and the standard actuarial frequency-severity approach. Discussers criticize this approach as not being risk based and, consequently, consider it inappropriate for seismic evaluation of existing buildings. Coauthors welcome the comparison of different approaches for evaluation of existing buildings but disagree with the discussers’ characterization of the PEER PBEE framework and, by extension, the approach of the discussed paper.

Study on Strong Motion Records Database and Selection Methods

2012 ◽  
Vol 256-259 ◽  
pp. 2117-2121
Author(s):  
Li Lin ◽  
Rui Zhi Wen ◽  
Bao Feng Zhou ◽  
Da Cheng Shi
Keyword(s):  
Ground Motion ◽  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Strong Motion ◽  
Selection Methods ◽  
Strong Motion Records ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Conditional Mean Spectrum ◽  
Great Earthquakes ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Ground Motion Records

In this paper, PEER Ground Motion Databases (PGMD) at the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) was updated by 314 sets of ground motion records of great earthquakes in recent years, which expanded the application of this database. This paper reviews alternative selection methods for strong ground motion records. The expanded database could make the different selection and scaling of strong motion records in great earthquakes, and the conditional mean spectrum (CMS) method could be applied for the strong motion records selection in structural spectrum analysis.

scholarly journals Creating Fragility Functions for Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 471-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Porter ◽  
Robert Kennedy ◽  
Robert Bachman
Keyword(s):  
Expert Opinion ◽  
Professional Practice ◽  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Damage Analysis ◽  
Fragility Functions ◽  
Fragility Function ◽  
Applied Technology ◽  
Engineering Demand Parameter ◽  
Performance Based Earthquake Engineering ◽  
First Time

The Applied Technology Council is adapting PEER's performance-based earthquake engineering methodology to professional practice. The methodology's damage-analysis stage uses fragility functions to calculate the probability of damage to facility components given the force, deformation, or other engineering demand parameter (EDP) to which each is subjected. This paper introduces a set of procedures for creating fragility functions from various kinds of data: (A) actual EDP at which each specimen failed; (B) bounding EDP, in which some specimens failed and one knows the EDP to which each specimen was subjected; (C) capable EDP, where specimen EDPs are known but no specimens failed; (D) derived, where fragility functions are produced analytically; (E) expert opinion; and (U) updating, in which one improves an existing fragility function using new observations. Methods C, E, and U are all introduced here for the first time. A companion document offers additional procedures and more examples.

Fragility of Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing Equipment

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 451-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Porter ◽  
Gayle Johnson ◽  
Robert Sheppard ◽  
Robert Bachman
Keyword(s):  
Professional Practice ◽  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Fragility Functions ◽  
Subsequent Work ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Modifying Factors ◽  
Industrial Buildings ◽  
Average Condition ◽  
Performance Based Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Level Performance

A study for the Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (MCEER) provides fragility functions for 52 varieties of mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) equipment commonly found in commercial and industrial buildings. For the majority of equipment categories, the MCEER study provides multiple fragility functions, reflecting important effects of bracing, anchorage, interaction, etc. The fragility functions express the probability that the component would be rendered inoperative as a function of floor acceleration. That work did not include the evidence underlying the fragility functions. As part of the ATC-58 effort to bring second-generation performance-based earthquake engineering to professional practice, we have compiled the original MCEER specimen-level performance data into a publicly accessible database and validate many of the original fragility functions. In some cases, new fragility functions derived by ATC-58 methods show somewhat closer agreement with the raw data. Average-condition fragility functions are developed here; we will address in subsequent work the effect of potentially important—arguably crucial—performance-modifying factors such as poor anchorage and interaction.

scholarly journals Earthquake record processing algorithms to form a strong motion database

2021 ◽  
Vol 2099 (1) ◽  
pp. 012060
Author(s):  
V A Mironov ◽  
S A Peretokin ◽  
K V Simonov
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Strong Motion ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Earthquake Record ◽  
Scientific Project ◽  
Attenuation Models ◽  
Strong Motion Database

Abstract This study is devoted to the development of algorithms and software for earthquake record processing. The algorithms are based on the methodology used by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center for the implementation of the scientific project NGA-West2. The purpose of processing is to determine reliable values of ground acceleration and other parameters of earthquakes from the available records of velocity time series. To analyze the operation of the algorithms, earthquake records (simultaneously recorded time series of acceleration and velocity) taken from the European Rapid Raw Strong-Motion database were used. The developed algorithms and the implemented software will allow in the future to form a database of strong motions for building regional attenuation models on the territory of the Russian Federation.

Epistemic Uncertainties in Component Fragility Functions

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendon A. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Epistemic Uncertainty ◽  
Finite Size ◽  
Seismic Demand ◽  
Fragility Functions ◽  
Seismic Performance Assessment ◽  
Fragility Function ◽  
Documentation Quality ◽  
Performance Based Earthquake Engineering

This paper is concerned with the inclusion of epistemic uncertainties in component fragility functions used in performance-based earthquake engineering. Conventionally fragility functions, defining the probability of incurring at least a specified level of damage for a given level of seismic demand, are defined by a mean and standard deviation and assumed to have a lognormal distribution. However, there exist many uncertainties in the development of such fragility functions. The sources of epistemic uncertainty in fragility functions, their consideration, combination, and propagation are presented and discussed. Two empirical fragility functions presented in literature are used to illustrate the epistemic uncertainty in the fragility function parameters due to the finite size of the datasets. These examples and the associated discussions illustrate that the magnitude of epistemic uncertainties are significant and there are clear benefits of the consideration of epistemic uncertainties pertaining to the documentation, quality assurance, implementation, and updating of fragility functions. Epistemic uncertainties should therefore always be addressed in future fragility functions developed for use in seismic performance assessment.

scholarly journals Seismic loss analysis of buildings with post-tensioned cross-laminated timber walls

2020 ◽  
pp. 875529302094418
Author(s):  
Alex W Wilson ◽  
Adam R Phillips ◽  
Christopher J Motter ◽  
Ji Y Lee ◽  
J Daniel Dolan
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Ground Motions ◽  
Cumulative Distribution ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Repair Cost ◽  
Nonstructural Components ◽  
Cross Laminated Timber ◽  
Discount Factors ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Post Tensioned

The FEMA P-58 performance-based earthquake engineering methodology was used to assess the economic losses associated with earthquake damage to nonstructural components of two prototype buildings with post-tensioned cross-laminated timber rocking walls. A suite of 22 far-field ground motions were used for nonlinear time history (NLTH) analysis. Truncated incremental dynamic analysis was used to scale the ground motions, and results of the NLTH analyses were used to develop cumulative distribution functions for inter-story drift and peak floor accelerations. The economic factors assessed in the risk analysis included the expected repair cost with respect to spectral acceleration, the probability of exceeding an expected repair cost for selected time periods, and the expected annual loss over different time periods considering various discount factors. It was determined that the ratio of nonstructural repair cost to total building cost at the design earthquake and maximum considered earthquake was lower for the low-rise building than the mid-rise building. However, the probability of nonstructural damage at the service-level earthquake was lower for the mid-rise building than the low-rise building.

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