Liquefaction and Ground Failures in San Francisco

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 91-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. O'Rourke ◽  
A. L. Bonneau ◽  
J. W. Pease ◽  
P. Shi ◽  
Y. Wang
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Land Development ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Liquefaction Hazard ◽  
Permanent Ground Deformation ◽  
The City

This paper examines the liquefaction and ground failures observed in San Francisco after the 1906 earthquake. It summarizes soil conditions, land development, and local seismic intensities within the city. Earthquake damage of the San Francisco water distribution system is discussed, and an account is provided of how city planners used the water supply damage to map locations of “infirm ground,” which are used today in the design and operation of the city fire protection system. Maps are presented that show subsurface conditions, current street system, permanent ground deformation, and infrastructure damage in 1906. With the use of approximately 500 soil borings and soundings compiled in a geographical information system (GIS), liquefaction hazard maps are generated for the Mission Creek and South of Market areas of the city.

The 1906 Earthquake Impacts on the San Francisco and Santa Clara Water Systems—What we Learned, and What we are doing about It

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 113-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Eidinger ◽  
Lota de Castro ◽  
Dennis Ma
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
System Operator ◽  
Water Transmission ◽  
Pump Stations ◽  
Transmission And Distribution ◽  
The City

This paper describes what happened to San Francisco's water transmission and the city of Santa Clara's water distribution systems in the 1906 and the 1989 earthquakes. These two earthquakes showed that many of our existing transmission and distribution pipelines are susceptible to damage, and some of our older water treatment plants, tanks, and pump stations need to be upgraded. Accordingly, seismic upgrade programs are being undertaken to reduce the vulnerability of the regional water transmission and distribution systems. In developing a cost effective seismic upgrade program, both the transmission system operator (San Francisco Public Utilities Commission) (SFPUC) and distribution system operator (Santa Clara) consider what the weaknesses are of both systems, so that the maximum amount of seismic upgrade can be achieved at the lowest overall cost.

scholarly journals Drinking Water Fluoride Levels for a City in Northern Mexico (Durango) Determined Using a Direct Electrochemical Method and Their Potential Effects on Oral Health

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelly Molina Frechero ◽  
Leonor Sánchez Pérez ◽  
Enrique Castañeda Castaneira ◽  
Anastasio Oropeza Oropeza ◽  
Enrique Gaona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Preventative Measures ◽  
The Government ◽  
The City

Fluoride is ingested primarily through consuming drinking water. When drinking water contains fluoride concentrations >0.7 parts per million (ppm), consuming such water can be toxic to the human body; this toxicity is called “fluorosis.” Therefore, it is critical to determine the fluoride concentrations in drinking water. The objective of this study was to determine the fluoride concentration in the drinking water of the city of Durango. The wells that supply the drinking water distribution system for the city of Durango were studied. One hundred eighty-nine (189) water samples were analyzed, and the fluoride concentration in each sample was quantified as established by the law NMX-AA-077-SCFI-2001. The fluoride concentrations in such samples varied between 2.22 and 7.23 ppm with a 4.313 ± 1.318 ppm mean concentration. The highest values were observed in the northern area of the city, with a 5.001 ± 2.669 ppm mean value. The samples produced values that exceeded the national standard for fluoride in drinking water. Chronic exposure to fluoride at such concentrations produces harmful health effects, the first sign of which is dental fluorosis. Therefore, it is essential that the government authorities implement water defluoridation programs and take preventative measures to reduce the ingestion of this toxic halogen.

Microbiological safety of a small water distribution system: evaluating potentially pathogenic bacteria using advanced sequencing techniques

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 391-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. M. Batista ◽  
P. Meynet ◽  
G. P. P. Garcia ◽  
S. A. V. Costa ◽  
J. C. Araujo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Intermediate Point ◽  
Microbiological Safety ◽  
The City

Abstract This study evaluated the microbiological safety of the water distribution system of a city in the state of Minas Gerais (Brazil), population 120,000 inhabitants. During the study, the city suffered a severe drought that had a significant impact on water availability and quality in the river that supplies water to the city. Samples (2 liters) were collected from the distribution system over a period of six months, which included wet and dry months, from three points: the point with the lowest altitude in the distribution network, the farthest point from the water treatment works, and an intermediate point. Free chlorine was measured in situ using a Hach kit. DNA was extracted using a FastDNA Spin Kit Soil (Qbiogene). Advanced sequencing techniques (Ion Torrent) were used to identify and quantify the relative abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria present in the samples. Coliforms and Escherichia coli, indicators currently used worldwide to assess microbiological safety of drinking water, were measured on all samples using an enzyme substrate method (ONPG-MUG Colilert®). Next generation sequencing results retrieved 16SrRNA sequences of E. coli and some potentially pathogenic bacteria, even in the presence of free chlorine. Operational taxonomic units related to pathogenic bacteria were present in all samples from the drinking water distribution system (DWS) and, in general, at high relative abundance (up to 5%). A total of 19 species related to bacterial pathogens were detected. Inadequate operational practices that could affect the microbiological safety of the DWS were identified and discussed. The current paper is the first to evaluate the community of potentially pathogenic bacteria in a real DWS.

scholarly journals Microplastics in the drinking water of the Riobamba city, Ecuador

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Paredes ◽  
Elba Bodero ◽  
Tito Castillo ◽  
Gabriela Fuentes ◽  
Rafaela Viteri
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Nile Red ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution ◽  
Red Dye ◽  
The City ◽  
Cellulose Filter

The city of Riobamba captures for human consumption groundwater from melting glaciers, from seven wells in the foothills of the Chimborazo volcano. The objective is determine the percentage of existing microplastics in drinking water distribution system. Sixty two samples were collected, analysed with a cellulose filter and Nile red dye. Then observed in a stereoscope, obtaining presence in 12 samples of the 62 analysed. The results of the analysis show that there is a 19% presence of microplastics.

scholarly journals Analysis of the daily consumption of potable water in the urban area of the Ambato city in the Province of Tungurahua-Ecuador

2021 ◽  
Vol 958 (1) ◽  
pp. 012008
Author(s):  
M Mayacela ◽  
D Moya ◽  
F Morales ◽  
L Maldonado
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Predominant Type ◽  
Daily Record ◽  
The City

Abstract The consumption of drinking water has increased over the years worldwide, therefore, the analysis of daily consumption in a certain sector is important, to know the existing demand of the population of the sector under analysis. The study of water consumption not only allows the knowledge of the amount of water consumed in a population, it also enables future projects for the design and redesign of potable water distribution networks. The main methodology for this analysis was the daily record for a period of 60 days, in each of the sectors corresponding to the urban area of Ambato city; this methodology allowed the analysis of the typical week of the sector and therefore the amount of water consumed per day in the urban sector,it was concluded that the San Francisco parish presents the highest demand for water consumption per capita with a requirement of 256.48 L/inhab/day, the predominant type of residence in the urban area of the city of Ambato is type B, which is characterized by having a typical structural system in which reinforced concrete predominates.

scholarly journals Assessment of Corrosion and Scale forming Potential of Groundwater Resources: Case Study of Dire Dawa City, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-133
Author(s):  
Girmaye Haile Gebremikael ◽  
Aman Hussien Dawod
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Localized Corrosion ◽  
Calibration Plot ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Dire Dawa ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The City

Almost 100% of the water supply of Dire Dawa City is from groundwater (including boreholes, dug wells, and springs). Recently, groundwater cause corrosion and scale problems to water distribution systems due to its content of dissolved ions that can cause public health and economic issues. The present paper investigates the corrosion and scale-forming potential of the groundwater in the city and visualizes it with mapping. Spectrophotometer, EDTA/Acid titration with calculation methods were used for water quality parameters analysis. GW Chart Calibration plot applied for the Piper diagram to categorizes the water types. Langelier saturation (LSI), Ryznar (RSI), aggressive (AI), Puckorius Scale (PSI), and Larson-Skold (LRI) indices were manipulated with Excel ® and visualized their spatial distribution using ArcGIS 10®. The mean values of LSI, RSI, PSI, AI, and LRI obtained were 0.29 ± 0.28, 6.4 ± 0.5, 5.10 ± 0.48, 12.20 ± 0.24, and 1.4±1.57 respectively. LSI and RSI results indicate moderate to low scale-forming tendency of groundwater in most parts except the northeastern part with corrosive groundwater. Based on the AI value, the groundwater ranges low corrosion in almost all zones except the edge of the northeast and northwest region. PSI indicated the water tends to form salt-scale at a medium rate. The LSI results showed that chloride and sulphate are unlikely to interfere with the formation of protecting film except in northwestern and northeastern regions where localized corrosion might occur. In conclusion, in almost all distribution system of the city is affected by calcium carbonate scale formation. The groundwater in the northwest and northeast resulted in localized corrosion because of relatively high contents of chlorides and sulphates.

scholarly journals Performance Analysis of the Water Distribution System of the City of Messina Through Sustainability Indices

10.29007/sr9c ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iolanda Borzì ◽  
Brunella Bonaccorso ◽  
Giuseppe Tito Aronica
Keyword(s):  
Performance Analysis ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Management Scenarios ◽  
Water Utility ◽  
Local Water ◽  
The City ◽  
Sustainability Indices

The main purpose of this study is to assess the performance of the water distribution system (WDS) of the city of Messina (Italy) under different management scenarios that can be operated by the local water utility, AMAM S.p.A. To this end, a methodology is here applied for determining sustainability indices for pressure in WDS. The sustainability indices are based upon performance criteria including reliability, resiliency and vulnerability. In particular, six different scenarios are analyzed and the results are compared in order to identify possible solutions to increase sustainability in WDS.

Optimization of the city of Winnipeg water distribution system

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-48
Author(s):  
Terrence M. Miles ◽  
Barbara J. Lence
Keyword(s):  
Linear Programming ◽  
Inner City ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Linear Programming Model ◽  
Objective Functions ◽  
High Demand ◽  
The City

A simplified representation of the city of Winnipeg water distribution system is developed and a linear programming model is formulated to represent this system. Six scenarios of the linear programming model are analyzed to determine the most efficient operating policy when the objective functions vary from minimizing reservoir drawdowns to minimizing pumping. This analysis reveals that low total pumping values and low maximum pumping values can be obtained if storage at the inner-city reservoirs is utilized. It is also shown that the system cannot satisfy demand during high demand periods without drawing down the Deacon Reservoir. Key words: reservoirs, water distribution, optimization.

The Ancient Middle East

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles R. Ortloff
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Maximum Flow ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
City Development ◽  
City Life ◽  
City Water ◽  
Piping Networks ◽  
The Many ◽  
The City

The origins of Nabataean Petra began c. 300 BCE from nomadic settlement origins and extended to later Roman administration of the city at 106 CE with final Byzantine occupation (Basile 2000) to the 7th century CE. Trade networks that extended throughout much of the ancient orient and Mediterranean world intersected at Petra and brought not only strategic and economic prominence but also the impetus to develop water resources to sustain increasing population and city elaboration demands. City development was influenced by architectural, cultural, and technological borrowings from Seleucid, Syro-Phoenician, Greek, Roman, and Far Eastern civilizations. The city water distribution system utilized many hydraulic technologies derived from these contacts that together with original technical innovations helped to maintain a high living standard throughout the centuries. Analysis of Nabataean piping networks indicates that design criteria were employed that promoted stable flows within piping, employed sequential particle settling basins to purify potable water supplies, promoted open-channel flow within piping at critical (maximum) flow rates that avoided leakage associated with pressurized systems, and matched spring supply rates to the maximum carrying capacity of pipelines. This demonstration of engineering capability indicated a high degree of skill in solving complex hydraulics problems to ensure a stable water supply and is a key reason behind the many centuries of flourishing city life. Because of Petra’s location between Egyptian, Babylonian, and Assyrian territories, many exterior influences dominated the Nabataean cultural landscape over time. The sacred spring created by Moses, as described in Exodus accounts, has been equated with the Ain Mousa spring outside of Petra although controversy exists as to its location (and historical accuracy) with contending Sinai sites. Biblical and Koranic references to areas around Petra relate to the use of water channels and springs by the inhabitants to maintain agriculture and settlements; Assyrian texts ascribed to the Sargonic era (715 BCE) mention tent cities in this area. The earliest proto-Nabataean period (6th century BCE) is derived from Edomite agriculturalists assimilating with nomadic tribal groups familiar with caravan-based trade activities. Although the origins of the Nabataeans remain controversial (Gleuck 1959, 1965; Taylor 2001; Guzzo and Schneider 2002), their final consolidation in areas around Petra in the early 3rd century BCE is evident from the archaeological record.

Deformation capacity of buried hybrid-segmented pipelines under longitudinal permanent ground deformation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gersena Banushi ◽  
Brad Wham
Keyword(s):  
Water Distribution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Lateral Spreading ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Axial Deformation ◽  
Pipe System ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Pipeline Systems ◽  
Permanent Ground Deformation

Innovative hybrid-segmented pipeline systems are being used more frequently in practice to improve the performance of water distribution pipelines subjected to permanent ground deformation (PGD), such as seismic-induced landslides, soil lateral spreading, and fault rupture. These systems employ joints equipped with anti-pull-out restraints, providing the ability to displace axially, before locking up and behaving as a continuous pipeline. To assess the seismic response of hazard-resistant pipeline systems equipped with enlarged joint restraints to longitudinal PGD, this study develops numerical and semi-analytical models, considering the nonlinear properties of the system, calibrated from large-scale test data. The deformation capacities of two hybrid-segmented pipelines are investigated: (1) hazard-resilient ductile iron (DI) pipe, and (2) oriented polyvinylchloride (PVCO) pipe with joint restraints capable of axial deformation. The numerical analysis demonstrates that, for the conditions investigated, the maximum elongation capacity of the analyzed DI pipe system is greater than that of the PVCO pipeline. The implemented semi-analytical approach revealed that the pipeline performance strongly improves by increasing the allowable joint displacement. Comparison of the numerical results with analytical solutions reported in recent research publications showed excellent agreement between the two approaches, highlighting the importance of assigning appropriate axial friction parameters for these systems.

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