Performance of Masonry Buildings during the 2002 Molise, Italy, Earthquake

2004 ◽  
Vol 20 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 191-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Decanini ◽  
Adriano De Sortis ◽  
Agostino Goretti ◽  
Randolph Langenbach ◽  
Fabrizio Mollaioli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Site Effects ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Masonry Buildings ◽  
Damage Pattern ◽  
The Past ◽  
Masonry Construction ◽  
Material Characteristics ◽  
Macroseismic Scale ◽  
Observed Damage

The 2002 Molise, Italy, earthquake struck a relatively limited geographical area where the communities are mainly agrarian. While most buildings in the region are masonry, there are significant differences in the type of masonry construction, as material characteristics and construction practices had changed over the centuries. This paper focuses on the masonry buildings that predominate in domestic construction. The most significant features that contributed to the damage pattern appear to be (1) construction criteria, techniques, and details that were inadequate for seismically active areas, particularly in buildings constructed or substantially modified over the past 100 years, and (2) site effects resulting from differences in amplification and frequency of the vibrations that locally increased the destructiveness of the earthquake. The observed damage did not correlate to the vulnerability that would be assigned to the structures under the European Macroseismic Scale.

Damage to masonry buildings caused by the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe, Japan) earthquake

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 797-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Bruneau ◽  
Koji Yoshimura
Keyword(s):  
Unreinforced Masonry ◽  
Masonry Buildings ◽  
Masonry Structures ◽  
Design Codes ◽  
Epicentral Area ◽  
The Past ◽  
Masonry Construction ◽  
Kobe Earthquake ◽  
Reinforced Masonry ◽  
A Minor

The seismic performance of the few masonry structures present in the Kobe area and subjected to the severe Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake is a minor concern when compared to the overwhelming damage suffered by other types of structures. However, in order to dispel the myth that masonry structures are nonexistent in Japan as well as a few other misconceptions, and for the sake of completeness within the concerted multipaper reporting effort on the Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe) earthquake by the Canadian reconnaissance team which visited the epicentral area of this earthquake, a brief description of the past and present state of masonry construction in Japan is first presented, followed by a short description of the damage to unreinforced masonry buildings, masonry garden-walls, and nonstructural masonry elements, as observed by the authors during their visits to the Kobe area. Key words: earthquake, seismic, masonry, buildings, bearing walls, unreinforced masonry, reinforced masonry, failures, design codes.

The Properties of Historical Wrought Iron Tie Rods

2016 ◽  
Vol 714 ◽  
pp. 207-212
Author(s):  
Monika Králíková ◽  
Petr Cikrle ◽  
Petr Daněk ◽  
Ivana Bilíková ◽  
Petr Misák
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Masonry Buildings ◽  
Wrought Iron ◽  
The Past ◽  
Tie Rods ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Destructive Methods

The preservation of brick masonry buildings and historically significant buildings is a very hot topic today. A problem that often occurs during reconstruction and modernization is an optimal solution between price and efficiency. First of all, it is necessary to view the object as a complex system, when it is necessary to ensure its spatial rigidity. Planning and progress of reconstruction is then derived from the correct assessment of the building. The spatial rigidity of buildings in the past was also ensured by means of reinforcing elements. For masonry buildings, wall and beamed ties have been used for this purpose until the end of the 19th century. Since these wrought ties are made of a completely different material so-called wrought iron, its properties are different from the currently used materials. They differ in both tensile strength and other properties just because of other processing technology and manufacturing. At the time of the construction of the buildings it was not possible to provide a variety of length of the ties, so that ties have been joined by forged connections or adjustable wedge relations. The article deals with determining the tensile strength of wrought ties obtained by destructive methods. The results of the experiment may serve to predict the behaviour of ties from a similar period.

scholarly journals A Retrospective Epidemiological Study of the Incidence and Risk Factors of Salmonellosis in Bahrain in Children During 2012–2016

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Perna ◽  
Alaali ◽  
Alalwan ◽  
Janahi ◽  
Mustafa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
The Past ◽  
Preventative Measures ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Northern Regions ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Unsafe Water

Salmonellosis is one of the major public health concerns in Bahrain as it has increased rapidly during the past few years. This study aims to determine the prevalence of salmonellosis in children and the possible risk factors such as age, geographical area, nationality, gender, unsafe drinking water, infant born weight and gastrointestinal disease. The cases of salmonellosis in children reported by the Ministry of Health of Bahrain ranged from 21 to 26 per 100,000 population during the period 2012–2016. Salmonellosis cases were geographically concentrated in the capital and northern regions. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference in the number of salmonellosis cases between Bahrainis and non-Bahrainis based on region, and gender (p < 0.001). In the Bahraini cohort, there was an association between the increase of cases and the number of gastrointestinal disease-related deaths (p < 0.05). In addition, unsafe water (over the level of 2.14%) and low-birth weight (<3.100 g) were associated, but not statistically significant (p = 0.086 and p = 0.126, respectively) with the increase of salmonellosis cases. Despite the decline in the number of cases, the results of this study contribute to the understanding of the epidemiology of Salmonella in humans and this, in turn, will help develop and implement preventative measures.

Building Inspection and Damage Data for the 2002 Molise, Italy, Earthquake

2004 ◽  
Vol 20 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 167-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agostino Goretti ◽  
Giacomo Di Pasquale
Keyword(s):  
Damage Assessment ◽  
Building Damage ◽  
Masonry Buildings ◽  
Public Servants ◽  
Building Type ◽  
Damage Data ◽  
Observed Damage ◽  
Modal Values ◽  
Slight Damage

Shortly after the October 31, 2002, Molise, Italy, earthquake, a widespread fitness-for-service and building damage assessment was launched. In two months, more than 23,000 buildings were inspected using a standardized damage assessment form. As many as 100 inspection teams, consisting of public servants and volunteer professionals, totaled approximately 80,000 person-hours. Analysis of the collected building type and damage data shows high-vulnerability masonry buildings with significant preexisting damage. With the sole exception of San Giuliano, the modal values of the observed damage occurred for the negligible-to-slight damage levels D=0 or D=1, with only a few buildings showing higher damage levels. Nevertheless, due to their high vulnerability, about 40% of the inspected buildings were unusable, with important consequences for the number of people needing shelter. The survey made it possible to determine the usability of about 12,000 buildings and the repairs needed for about 1,000 buildings.

scholarly journals Writing from a Distance. The Past and the Present in Novels by Central and Eastern European Female Migrant Writers in Italy

2019 ◽  
pp. 23-41
Author(s):  
Anna Belozorovich
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Area ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Literary Expression ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Place Of Origin ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
Female Migrant

Based on a research concerning literary works by the authors from Central and Eastern European countries living in Italy, this article explores the imaginary bonded to a vast geographical area and to a variety of social experiences connected to that area under regime or to the post-migration condition. The interviews conducted with the selected writers allow the authoress to gather elements that show the perception of the place of origin and its connection with neighboring countries, suggested by different motivations. The literary works cited in the article give testimony of lives under regimes and describe moments of transition due to political and social change or to the choice to migrate. While revealing sometimes a stereotyped view of the idea of ‘East’ in opposition to the ‘West’, these different voices, located at a spatial and temporal distance from the social realities they explore, suggest an important role of literary expression as means for contrasting the oblivion of the past and present injustices.

scholarly journals Vulnerability and site effects in earthquake disasters in Armenia (Colombia) – Part 2 : Observed damage and vulnerability

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 2345-2354
Author(s):  
Francisco J. Chávez-García ◽  
Hugo Monsalve-Jaramillo ◽  
Joaquín Vila-Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Peak Ground Acceleration ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Site Effects ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
Vulnerability Evaluation ◽  
Observed Damage ◽  
Made In

Abstract. Damage in Armenia, Colombia, for the 25 January 1999 (Mw=6.2, peak ground acceleration (PGA) 580 Gal) event was disproportionate. We analyze the damage report as a function of number of stories and construction age of buildings. We recovered two vulnerability evaluations made in Armenia in 1993 and in 2004. We compare the results of the 1993 evaluation with damage observed in 1999 and show that the vulnerability evaluation made in 1993 could have predicted the relative frequency of damage observed in 1999. Our results show that vulnerability of the building stock was the major factor behind damage observed in 1999. Moreover, it showed no significant reduction between 1999 and 2004.

scholarly journals The Jewish Diaspora in the Roman Empire

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 59-78
Author(s):  
Maria Álvarez-Folgado
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Social Agents ◽  
The Past ◽  
Jewish Diaspora ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approaches ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Complex Phenomena ◽  
Cultural Choices ◽  
Diasporic Communities

During the Hellenistic and Roman period, Jewish communities spread over a wide geographical area spanning from Italy to Babylon, and in all the areas under the influence of Rome. Traces of these diasporic communities are so enormous in quantity and varied in quality, and they comprise such a long time-span, that they call for subtle analyses. In the past decade the use of novel perspectives and interdisciplinary approaches has brought the focus on to social agents and the networks they created, far from a traditional narrative which presents socio-cultural choices for diasporic communities as a simplistic dichotomy: resistance to an alien environment or assimilation. Evidence acknowledging the existence of different social agents and socio-cultural ties shows that social networks provided the skeleton on which Jewish culture evolved and spread, as well as the framework in which to form local communities that were not isolated, but shared social and cultural traits with, and had multiple ties to, non-Jewish groups that existed in the same context. This article argues in favour of the need for adequate theoretical tools to analyse such complex phenomena.

scholarly journals Aspects of Illness and Death among Roma—Have They Changed after More than Two Hundred Years?

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (23) ◽  
pp. 4796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Kozubik ◽  
Jitse P. van Dijk ◽  
Daniela Filakovska Bobakova
Keyword(s):  
Health Disparities ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
The Past ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Open Coding

Augustini studied Roma and published reports in 1775–1776 on their illnesses and death. Our intention was to compare the features of these two topics described by him in the late 18th century with those in the present time. We studied Augustini’s work on illnesses and death in the past. The present qualitative study was conducted in 2012–2013 in the same geographical area in which Augustini lived and worked more than two hundred years ago, i.e., the Tatra Region in Slovakia; our findings were evaluated in 2017–2018. We carried out semi-structured interviews with more than 70 informants and organised two sessions of focus groups. Data were analysed using content analysis (Augustini) and an open coding process. Our findings suggest that illnesses in Roma are treated differently nowadays compared with 1775–1776. For example, the traditional forms of healing have completely disappeared in the area of investigation. We did not observe any differences in dying and death perceptions between the past and nowadays. Although data and knowledge on health disparities and related mechanisms exist, and much more about perceptions of Roma regarding illnesses is now known compared with 1775–1776, so far, this knowledge has not helped to design effective interventions to overcome them. Substandard living conditions in marginalised Roma communities have not significantly improved since 1775–1776, which may contribute to their higher morbidity and mortality also nowadays. Political and social consensus should lead to a comprehensive vision for enhancing the social situation and living conditions in segregated settlements, especially providing housing for the poorest classes and overcoming health disparities.

scholarly journals Mediterranean Sea of Educational Culture: Personal Narration of a Peer Learning Activity

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Kalathaki Maria
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Stem Education ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Learning Activity ◽  
East Mediterranean ◽  
Target Groups ◽  
The Past ◽  
Educational Culture ◽  
High Level

In this paper is describing an initiative in cultural, outdoor science education that took place in the west Crete-Greece(Chania & Rethymnon counties) in 2015, and organized in collaboration with teachers and social bodies, to connectScience, Education and Local Communities for a better quality of everyday life. The initiative concentrated inorganizing the European Educational Conference “Mediterranean Sea Connects Us: Progress in Education withLocal Communities”, which hosted as a training program that can be applied elsewhere, with different target groups,promoting the aims of participatory acquisition of knowledge by sharing them in company, with experientialactivities in moments of joy, happiness and wisdom. Educators-officials of high level and much experienced in thethree levels of Education from Greece, Cyprus, Turkey and Romania, with representatives from local bodies, wereinvited to deposit experience, aspects, ideas and expectations on future educational collaboration in the area ofBalkans, East Mediterranean and widely. As coexisting in the same geographical area, with long and importantcommon past, as collaborators in educational projects from the past, intended to be partners in important andinnovative future jointed actions in cultural STEM Education, for the progress of Mediterranean local educationalcommunities.

Local Seismic site effects estimated by detailed seismic surveys: the case of Castelnuovo village (L’Aquila Basin, central Italy)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Spadi ◽  
Marco Tallini ◽  
Matteo Albano ◽  
Domenico Cosentino ◽  
Marco Nocentini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Site Effects ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Earthquake Hazard ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Seismic Site Effects ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Subsoil Model ◽  
Observed Damage

&lt;p&gt;Assessing seismic site effects is essential in earthquake hazard studies. Local seismic amplification is strongly related to the site stratigraphy and topography, the dynamic properties of the subsoil deposits, and the earthquake features. The evaluation of these factors is mandatory to achieve a consistent model of the seismic hazard at small scale. Here we discuss the case of Castelnuovo village (L&amp;#8217;Aquila, central Italy). Located on a small ridge, approximately 60 m higher than the valley floor, the village was heavily struck by April 6, 2009, M&lt;sub&gt;w&lt;/sub&gt; 6.3 L&amp;#8217;Aquila earthquake, with catastrophic collapse of several buildings. Previous studies ascribed the observed damage to the presence of shallow caves beneath the buildings or to the topographic amplification.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In this work, an updated and detailed subsoil model for Castelnuovo site has been provided, based updated geological surveys, such as borehole logs and geophysical data consisting in microtremor measurements and down-hole.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;These measurements identified resonant frequencies occurring in the range of 0.7-3.0 Hz. These frequency peaks are related to the presence of a velocity contrast at depth between the San Nicandro silts and the Madonna della Neve breccias, as indicated by the performed deep boreholes. Thanks to analytical, numerical, and geostatistical techniques, we identified the main impedance contrast at approximately 210 m depth from the top of the hill, much deeper than previous studies. These new findings allowed to create an accurate and consistent subsoil model summarized by two geological cross-sections of the Castelnuovo ridge, showing that the seismic site effects at the Castelnuovo village are mainly related to stratigraphic amplification.&lt;/p&gt;

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document