Earthquake Impacts and Hazard Adjustment by Acutely Hazardous Materials Facilities following the Northridge Earthquake

1998 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael K. Lindell ◽  
Ronald W. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Response ◽  
Emergency Preparedness ◽  
Earthquake Hazard ◽  
Hazardous Materials ◽  
Northridge Earthquake ◽  
Hazard Reduction ◽  
Hazard Adjustments ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Seismic Impacts ◽  
Site Release

Hazardous materials pose a problem of great significance for earthquake hazard reduction because severe earthquakes can simultaneously fail independent systems for on-site release mitigation and off-site emergency response. Unfortunately, the potential for major earthquake-initiated hazmat releases (EIHRs) has received little attention from earthquake researchers and planners. This study assessed the extent of on-site and off-site damage to fixed-site hazmat facilities and the hazard adjustments (i.e., hazard assessment, hazard mitigation, and emergency preparedness actions) that these facilities implemented before and after the Northridge earthquake. Data on the occurrence of chemical containment and infrastructure systems impacts confirms that hazmat facility infrastructure is vulnerable to seismic impacts. Hazard adjustments were undertaken after the earthquake, but were unrelated to the level of earthquake impact. These results suggest that comprehensive EIHR loss estimation studies should be conducted for seismic zones throughout the country, especially for clusters of hazmat facilities subject to the threat of damaging earthquakes.

California at Risk: Where Do We Go from Here?

1992 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-34
Author(s):  
L. Thomas Tobin ◽  
Fred Turner ◽  
James F. Goodfellow ◽  
Brian L. Stoner
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Emergency Response ◽  
Earthquake Hazard ◽  
Earthquake Hazards ◽  
Seismic Safety ◽  
Hazard Reduction ◽  
Recovery Planning ◽  
Reduction Program ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
Risk Reducing

In 1986, the state of California embarked on a comprehensive earthquake hazard reduction program described in California at Risk: Reducing Earthquake Hazards 1987-1992. This Program identifies hazard reduction efforts for existing development, emergency response, future development, recovery planning, education, and research. The goal is to reduce the state's earthquake hazards significantly by the year 2000. This paper reviews the development of the Program, the state's progress toward hazard reduction, seismic safety legislation and refinements in the Program's second five years.

Robust Hazardous Materials Closed-Loop Supply Chain Network Design with Emergency Response Teams Location

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812199207
Author(s):  
Nasrin Mohabbati-Kalejahi ◽  
Alexander Vinel
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Network Design ◽  
Emergency Response ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Hazardous Materials ◽  
Risk Exposure ◽  
Supply Chain Network Design ◽  
Supply Chain Network ◽  
Distribution Centers ◽  
Closed Loop Supply Chain

Hazardous materials (hazmat) storage and transportation pose threats to people’s safety and the environment, which creates a need for governments and local authorities to regulate such shipments. This paper proposes a novel mathematical model for what is termed the hazmat closed-loop supply chain network design problem. The model, which can be viewed as a way to combine several directions previously considered in the literature, includes two echelons in the forward direction (production and distribution centers), three echelons in the backward direction (collection, recovery, and disposal centers), and emergency response team positioning. The two objectives of minimizing the strategic, tactical, and operational costs as well as the risk exposure on road networks are considered in this model. Since the forward flow of hazmat is directly related to the reverse flow, and since hazmat accidents can occur at all stages of the lifecycle (storage, shipment, loading, and unloading, etc.), it is argued that such a unified framework is essential. A robust framework is also presented to hedge the optimization model in case of demand and return uncertainty. The performance of both models is evaluated based on a standard dataset from Albany, NY. Considering the trade-offs between cost and risk, the results demonstrate the design of efficient hazmat closed-loop supply chain networks where the risk exposure can be reduced significantly by employing the proposed models.

Behavior of Building Occupants in Earthquakes

1985 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Durkin
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Performance ◽  
Earthquake Hazard ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Hazard Reduction ◽  
Realistic Appraisal

To be truly effective, earthquake hazard reduction measures must be based on a realistic appraisal of occupants' capabilities and actions during earthquakes. Studies suggest that many overly general beliefs about appropriate response can endanger rather than protect building occupants. We need to analyze occupant actions with respect to hazards posed by the seismic performance of specific building types. This paper will review the findings of recent U.S. studies, discuss the applicability of research from abroad, and summarize requirements for continued progress in this vital research area.

scholarly journals Lava flow hazard at Fogo Volcano, Cabo Verde, before and after the 2014–2015 eruption

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 1925-1951 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Richter ◽  
Massimiliano Favalli ◽  
Elske de Zeeuw-van Dalfsen ◽  
Alessandro Fornaciai ◽  
Rui Manuel da Silva Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lava Flow ◽  
Emergency Preparedness ◽  
Disaster Response ◽  
Flow Simulations ◽  
Cabo Verde ◽  
Topographic Information ◽  
Lava Flow Hazard ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Lava Flow Emplacement ◽  
Fogo Volcano

Abstract. Lava flow simulations help to better understand volcanic hazards and may assist emergency preparedness at active volcanoes. We demonstrate that at Fogo Volcano, Cabo Verde, such simulations can explain the 2014–2015 lava flow crisis and therefore provide a valuable base to better prepare for the next inevitable eruption. We conducted topographic mapping in the field and a satellite-based remote sensing analysis. We produced the first topographic model of the 2014–2015 lava flow from combined terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) and photogrammetric data. This high-resolution topographic information facilitates lava flow volume estimates of 43.7 ± 5.2 × 106 m3 from the vertical difference between pre- and posteruptive topographies. Both the pre-eruptive and updated digital elevation models (DEMs) serve as the fundamental input data for lava flow simulations using the well-established DOWNFLOW algorithm. Based on thousands of simulations, we assess the lava flow hazard before and after the 2014–2015 eruption. We find that, although the lava flow hazard has changed significantly, it remains high at the locations of two villages that were destroyed during this eruption. This result is of particular importance as villagers have already started to rebuild the settlements. We also analysed satellite radar imagery acquired by the German TerraSAR-X (TSX) satellite to map lava flow emplacement over time. We obtain the lava flow boundaries every 6 to 11 days during the eruption, which assists the interpretation and evaluation of the lava flow model performance. Our results highlight the fact that lava flow hazards change as a result of modifications of the local topography due to lava flow emplacement. This implies the need for up-to-date topographic information in order to assess lava flow hazards. We also emphasize that areas that were once overrun by lava flows are not necessarily safer, even if local lava flow thicknesses exceed the average lava flow thickness. Our observations will be important for the next eruption of Fogo Volcano and have implications for future lava flow crises and disaster response efforts at basaltic volcanoes elsewhere in the world.

Learning Outcome Measurement in Nurse Participants After Disaster Training

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 728-733
Author(s):  
Sharon L. Farra ◽  
Sherrill Smith ◽  
Marie A Bashaw
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Homeland Security ◽  
Emergency Preparedness ◽  
Disaster Response ◽  
Outcome Measurement ◽  
Disaster Medicine ◽  
Learning Framework ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Disaster Training ◽  
National Disaster

AbstractObjectiveThe National Disaster Health Consortium is an interprofessional disaster training program. Using the Hierarchical Learning Framework of Competency Sets in Disaster Medicine and Public Health, this program educates nurses and other professionals to provide competent care and leadership within the interprofessional team. This study examined outcomes of this training.MethodsTraining consisted of a combination of online and on-site training. Learning outcomes were measured by using the Emergency Preparedness Information Questionnaire (EPIQ) pre/post training and participant performance during live functional exercises with the use of rubrics based on Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation principles.ResultsA total of 64 participants completed the EPIQ before and after training. The mean EPIQ pre-training score of 154 and mean post-training score of 81 (reverse-scored) was found to be statistically significant by paired t-test (P<0.001). Performance was evaluated in the areas of triage, re-triage, surge response, and sheltering. Greater than 90% of the exercise criteria were either met or partially met. Participants successfully achieved overall objectives in all scenarios.ConclusionsDisaster response requires nurses and other providers to function in interprofessional teams. Educational projects, like the National Disaster Health Consortium program, offer the potential to address the need for a standardized, interprofessional disaster training curriculum to promote positive outcomes. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;page 1 of 6)

scholarly journals Study on Emergency Response Rank Mode of Flammable and Explosive Hazardous Materials Road Transportation

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 830-835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changing Ren ◽  
Xiongjun Yuan ◽  
Jie Wang ◽  
Xin Zhang ◽  
Jin Li
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Response ◽  
Hazardous Materials ◽  
Road Transportation
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