Responses of the Earthquake Engineering Research Community to the Chi-Chi (Taiwan) Earthquake

2001 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 635-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chin-Hsiung Loh ◽  
Ching-Yen Tsay
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Loss Assessment ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Earthquake Loss ◽  
Bridge Damage ◽  
Motion Characteristics ◽  
Taiwan Earthquake

In the early morning of 21 September 1999, a devastating earthquake struck the central region of Taiwan. This earthquake became known as the “Chi-Chi” Taiwan earthquake. Immediately after the occurrence of the earthquake, the National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering (NCREE) organized reconnaissance teams to investigate the damage in the earthquake-affected area. The purpose of this paper is to describe the inter-collaborations and actions that were taken by NCREE and the engineering research community. This paper also describes the damage situation from an engineering point of view that includes fault investigations, studies of strong ground motion characteristics, building and bridge damage investigations, geotechnical damage surveys, and lifeline damage investigations. The NCREE's emergency response decision support system and the HAZ-Taiwan earthquake loss assessment program are also described.

Use of Remote Sensing Technologies for Building Damage Assessment after the 2003 Bam, Iran, Earthquake—Preface to Remote Sensing Papers

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 207-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald T. Eguchi ◽  
Babak Mansouri
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Damage Assessment ◽  
Building Damage ◽  
Remotely Sensed Data ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Earthquake Loss ◽  
Earthquake Damage Detection ◽  
Response Decisions ◽  
First Time

This preface introduces a series of papers that describe the use of remote sensing technologies in quantifying the extent of building damage after the 2003 Bam, Iran, earthquake. These papers represent a significant milestone in post-earthquake loss estimation. For the first time, independent evaluations of regional damage are documented, which will ultimately allow an assessment of the efficacy of these technologies as tools for post-earthquake damage detection and quantification. Not only were different sensors used, but radically different approaches were implemented in quantifying damage. The conclusions and recommendations of the different papers are generally consistent and strongly suggest that regional damage assessment using remotely sensed data is highly feasible. The papers, however, acknowledge that more research is needed before these technologies can be used to make critical emergency response decisions. Finally, the role of the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute through its Learning From Earthquakes Program is acknowledged, largely for helping to promote the use of remote sensing technologies in earthquake studies and for recognizing the value of collaboration through its newly formed Subcommittee on Remote Sensing.

Advances in Earthquake Loss Estimation and Application to Memphis, Tennessee

1997 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 739-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masanobu Shinozuka ◽  
Stephanie E. Chang ◽  
Ronald T. Eguchi ◽  
Daniel P. Abrams ◽  
Howard H. M. Hwang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Loss Estimation ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Earthquake Loss Estimation ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Central United States ◽  
Earthquake Loss ◽  
Shelby County

In recent years, a number of research efforts conducted through the National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (NCEER) have focused on assessing seismic hazard and vulnerability in the Central United States. These multi-year, coordinated multi-investigator research efforts culminated in two loss estimation demonstration projects for Memphis (Shelby County), Tennessee, that evaluate losses associated with buildings and lifelines, respectively. While conducted independently, these two loss estimation studies share similar approaches, such as the emphasis on using detailed local data. Furthermore, the significance of the projects derives not only from the advances made by individual investigators, but also from the innovations developed in synthesizing the various studies into a coordinated loss estimation effort. This paper discusses the NCEER buildings and lifelines loss estimation projects with emphasis on methodological advances and insights from the loss estimation results.

Survey of Geotechnical Engineering Aspects of the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami and the March 2005 Nias–Simeulue Earthquake

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 495-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Wayan Sengara ◽  
Nanang Puspito ◽  
Engkon Kertapati ◽  
Hendarto
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Geotechnical Engineering ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Building Collapse ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Motion Characteristics ◽  
Strong Ground ◽  
Reconnaissance Surveys

Reconnaissance surveys of building and infrastructure damage related to geotechnical engineering aspects were conducted four to six weeks after the 26 December 2004 earthquake and five weeks after the 28 March 2005 earthquake. These surveys identified many instances of building collapse and infrastructure damage that were probably caused by strong ground shaking and/or liquefaction-induced foundation or embankment failures. The survey results suggest the need for earthquake engineering research that identifies likely future earthquakes and their ground motion characteristics. Because of the observed variation in the level of damage, a seismic microzonation study should be performed to identify the spatial variability of strong ground shaking for the purpose of reconstruction and future planning of cities in Nangroe Aceh Darrusalam Province and Nias Island.

Probabilistic performance-based seismic assessment of an existing masonry building

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 271-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Giordano ◽  
Khalid M. Mosalam ◽  
Selim Günay
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Masonry Building ◽  
Loss Assessment ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Seismic Loss ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Observed Damage ◽  
Seismic Loss Assessment ◽  
Performance Based Earthquake Engineering

Existing unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings represent a significant part of the constructed facilities. Unfortunately, in case of seismic actions, their structural behavior is negatively affected by the low capacity of masonry components to withstand lateral forces. For this reason, in the past decades, URM buildings have been responsible for fatalities and large economic losses even in the case of moderate earthquakes. This article presents the seismic loss assessment of an old masonry building damaged during the 2014 South Napa earthquake using the framework of the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center’s Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering. For this purpose, the performance is expressed in terms of expected monetary loss curves for different hazard scenarios. Structural and non-structural losses are considered in the analysis using a practical, yet accurate, structural idealization of the URM building, which is validated by the observed damage from the 2014 South Napa earthquake.

scholarly journals Reconnaissance Report on the 31 March 2002 Earthquake on the East Coast of Taiwan

2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 531-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Loh ◽  
K. C. Tsai ◽  
L. L. Chung ◽  
C. H. Yeh
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Strong Motion ◽  
Building Damage ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Typical Situation ◽  
Taipei Basin ◽  
Basin Effects ◽  
Motion Characteristics ◽  
Taiwan Earthquake

On 31 March 2002, an earthquake of magnitude ML=6.8 occurred in northeastern Taiwan that caused five deaths and damage to more than 300 buildings. The earthquake left some important lessons; these lessons were not considered after the 1999 Chi-Chi (Taiwan) earthquake but must be taken into account for the management of a similar situation in the future. This article first presents the strong motion characteristics found from the ground accelerations recorded from this event. In particular, the basin effects on the distribution of ground motion intensities observed in Taipei Basin are critically reviewed. Observations of some severe building damage following the earthquakes are then summarized. The building damage modes for this event, particularly due to the basin effect, are explored in detail. The characteristics of the building disaster reflected a typical situation that can occur in cities located in high seismic risk. Finally, the collapse of the two tower cranes on, and its impact on, the Taipei Financial Center construction site are described in detail. This article presents the main lessons learned from this earthquake in the light of work performed by the research team for natural disaster from the National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering, Taiwan.

scholarly journals Post-earthquake ignition vulnerability assessment of Küçükçekmece District

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 3357-3368 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Yildiz ◽  
H. Karaman
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Analytical Hierarchy Process ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Weighting Factor ◽  
Building Codes ◽  
Loss Assessment ◽  
Ignition Probability ◽  
Earthquake Loss ◽  
The Given ◽  
Hierarchy Process

Abstract. In this study, a geographic information system (GIS)-based model was developed to calculate the post-earthquake ignition probability of a building, considering damage to the building's interior gas and electrical distribution system and the overturning of appliances. In order to make our model more reliable and realistic, a weighting factor was used to define the possible existence of each appliance or other contents in the given occupancy. A questionnaire was prepared to weigh the relevance of the different components of post-earthquake ignitions using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). The questionnaire was evaluated by researchers who were experienced in earthquake engineering and post-earthquake fires. The developed model was implemented to HAZTURK's (Hazards Turkey) earthquake loss assessment software, as developed by the Mid-America Earthquake Center with the help of Istanbul Technical University. The developed post-earthquake ignition tool was applied to Küçükçekmece, Istanbul, in Turkey. The results were evaluated according to structure types, occupancy types, the number of storeys, building codes and specified districts. The evaluated results support the theory that post-earthquake ignition probability is inversely proportional to the number of storeys and the construction year, depending upon the building code.

scholarly journals Post-earthquake ignition vulnerability assessment of Küçükçekmece District

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 2005-2040 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Yildiz ◽  
H. Karaman
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Analytical Hierarchy Process ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Weighting Factor ◽  
Building Codes ◽  
Loss Assessment ◽  
Ignition Probability ◽  
Earthquake Loss ◽  
The Given ◽  
Hierarchy Process

Abstract. In this study, a Geographic Information System (GIS) based model was developed to calculate the post-earthquake ignition probability of a building, considering damage to the building's interior gas and electrical distribution system and the overturning of appliances. In order to make our model more reliable and realistic, a weighting factor was used to define the possible existence of each appliance or other contents in the given occupancy. A questionnaire was prepared to weigh the relevance of the different components of post-earthquake ignitions using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The questionnaire was evaluated by researchers who were experienced in earthquake engineering and post earthquake fires. The developed model was implemented to HAZTURK (Hazards Turkey) earthquake loss assessment software, as developed by Mid-America Earthquake Center with the help of Istanbul Technical University. The developed post-earthquake ignition tool was applied to Küçükçekmece, Istanbul in Turkey. The results were evaluated according to structure types, occupancy types, the number of storeys, building codes and specified districts. The evaluated results support the theory that post-earthquake ignition probability is inversely proportional to the number of storeys and the construction year, depending upon the building code.

scholarly journals Exceedance of design actions in epicentral areas: insights from the ShakeMap envelopes for the 2016–2017 central Italy sequence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iunio Iervolino ◽  
Pasquale Cito ◽  
Chiara Felicetta ◽  
Giovanni Lanzano ◽  
Antonio Vitale
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Structural Engineering ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Civil Defense ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Seismic Sequence ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Motion Effect ◽  
Observed Damage

AbstractShakeMap is the tool to evaluate the ground motion effect of earthquakes in vast areas. It is useful to delimit the zones where the shaking is expected to have been most significant, for civil defense rapid response. From the earthquake engineering point of view, it can be used to infer the seismic actions on the built environment to calibrate vulnerability models or to define the reconstruction policies based on observed damage vs shaking. In the case of long-lasting seismic sequences, it can be useful to develop ShakeMap envelopes, that is, maps of the largest ground intensity among those from the ShakeMap of (selected) events of a seismic sequence, to delimit areas where the effects of the whole sequence have been of structural engineering relevance. This study introduces ShakeMap envelopes and discusses them for the central Italy 2016–2017 seismic sequence. The specific goals of the study are: (i) to compare the envelopes and the ShakeMap of the main events of the sequence to make the case for sequence-based maps; (ii) to quantify the exceedance of design seismic actions based on the envelopes; (iii) to make envelopes available for further studies and the reconstruction planning; (iv) to gather insights on the (repeated) exceedance of design seismic actions at some sites. Results, which include considerations of uncertainty in ShakeMap, show that the sequence caused exceedance of design hazard in thousands of square kilometers. The most relevant effects of the sequence are, as expected, due to the mainshock, yet seismic actions larger than those enforced by the code for structural design are found also around the epicenters of the smaller magnitude events. At some locations, the succession of ground-shaking that has excited structures, provides insights on structural damage accumulation that has likely taken place; something that is not accounted for explicitly in modern seismic design. The envelopes developed are available as supplemental material.

Rapid earthquake loss assessment based on machine learning and representative sampling

2021 ◽  
pp. 875529302110423
Author(s):  
Zoran Stojadinović ◽  
Miloš Kovačević ◽  
Dejan Marinković ◽  
Božidar Stojadinović
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Local Network ◽  
Loss Assessment ◽  
Damage Classification ◽  
Sampling Algorithm ◽  
Representative Sampling ◽  
Random Forest Classification ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Earthquake Loss

This article proposes a new framework for rapid earthquake loss assessment based on a machine learning damage classification model and a representative sampling algorithm. A random forest classification model predicts a damage probability distribution that, combined with an expert-defined repair cost matrix, enables the calculation of the expected repair costs for each building and, in aggregate, of direct losses in the earthquake-affected area. The proposed building representation does not include explicit information about the earthquake and the soil type. Instead, such information is implicitly contained in the spatial distribution of damage. To capture this distribution, a sampling algorithm, based on K-means clustering, is used to select a minimal number of buildings that represent the area of interest in terms of its seismic risk, independently of future earthquakes. To observe damage states in the representative set after an earthquake, the proposed framework utilizes a local network of trained damage assessors. The model is updated after each damage observation cycle, thus increasing the accuracy of the current loss assessment. The proposed framework is exemplified using the 2010 Kraljevo, Serbia earthquake dataset.

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