Fragility Curves Based on Data from the 2011 Tohoku-Oki Tsunami in Ishinomaki City, with Discussion of Parameters Influencing Building Damage

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 841-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anawat Suppasri ◽  
Ingrid Charvet ◽  
Kentaro Imai ◽  
Fumihiko Imamura
Keyword(s):  
Fragility Curves ◽  
Building Damage ◽  
Steel Buildings ◽  
Design Code ◽  
Damage Level ◽  
Inundation Depth ◽  
Damage Probability ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Earthquake Resistant ◽  
Vulnerability Functions

The 63,605 damaged buildings from the 2011 Tohoku-oki tsunami in Ishinomaki were used to develop 52 fragility curves using linear regression. The data comprise the damage level and the measured inundation depth for each building. In agreement with previous studies, the present results indicate that reinforced concrete and steel buildings with three stories or more perform better under tsunami loading. Performance with respect to their intended function was found to depend mainly on structural material. Moreover, based on Japan's design code for earthquake-resistant buildings, buildings constructed after 1981 do not display a better performance compared to more recent constructions. Finally, the results show that for the same inundation depth, a higher damage probability exists along a ria coast due to higher flow velocities, confirmed by numerical simulation and survivor videos. These new findings are useful for building damage assessment, town reconstruction, and comparison of vulnerability functions in future studies.

scholarly journals Characteristics of building fragility curves for seismic and non-seismic tsunamis: case studies of the 2018 Sunda Strait, 2018 Sulawesi-Palu and 2004 Indian Ocean tsunamis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Lahcene ◽  
Ioanna Ioannou ◽  
Anawat Suppasri ◽  
Kwanchai Pakoksung ◽  
Ryan Paulik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Fragility Curves ◽  
Building Damage ◽  
Wave Period ◽  
Cumulative Distribution ◽  
Flow Depth ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Damage Probability ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Banda Aceh

Abstract. Indonesia has experienced several recent tsunamis triggered by seismic as well as non-seismic (i.e., landslides) sources. These events damaged or destroyed coastal buildings and infrastructure, and caused considerable loss of life. The impact of tsunami characteristics on structural components can be represented by fragility curves. These cumulative distribution functions express the likelihood of a structure reaching or exceeding a damage state in response to a tsunami hazard intensity measure. Using numerical simulations and post-tsunami observations, we successfully reproduce the hydrodynamic features of the 2018 Sunda Strait and 2018 Sulawesi-Palu tsunamis for the first time. We then compare non-seismic building fragility curves from these events with the ones of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami (IOT) to provide a novel understanding of wave period, ground shaking and liquefaction impacts on the structural performance of buildings. Below 5-m flow depth, the 2004 IOT in Khao Lak/Phuket (Thailand), characterized by long wave period due to its seismic source, induces larger damage to buildings than the 2018 Sunda Strait tsunami, triggered by a landslide. We also note that for 4-m flow depth, the building damage probability is almost twice less in Khao Lak/Phuket than in Banda Aceh, where ground motion has been reported before the tsunami arrival. In addition, liquefaction events can cause significant building damage as in Palu, where constructions have been considerably affected by this phenomenon due to the 2018 Sulawesi earthquake. Below 2-m flow depth, the damage probability is greater in Palu than in the Sunda Strait but also in Banda Aceh, although this city has been affected by ground shaking, and then struck by the longer wave period of the IOT.

A Study on the Influential Factors on Building Damage in Sri Lanka During the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
pp. 1640001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natt Leelawat ◽  
Anawat Suppasri ◽  
Osamu Murao ◽  
Fumihiko Imamura
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Building Damage ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Damage Level ◽  
Inundation Depth ◽  
Housing Reconstruction

The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami damaged a number of buildings in many Asian countries. The research objective of this paper is to determine the significant predictor variables and the direction of their relationships regarding the building damage level. This quantitative study used data collected by Murao and Nakazato [“Recovery curves for housing reconstruction in Sri Lanka after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami,” J. Earthquake Tsunami 4(2), 51–60; “Vulnerability functions for buildings based on damage survey data in Sri Lanka after the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami,” Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Sustainable Built Environment, Kandy, Sri Lanka, pp. 371–378] in Sri Lanka for analysis via the statistical approach. The tested explanatory parameters included the inundation depth, the structural materials, and the areas. This research is among the first pioneering efforts in applying the statistical analysis to investigate the influential parameters in tsunami damage areas. This work can contribute to the damage analysis research area in terms of providing the proved parameters as well as contributing to the practical understanding of urban planners, engineers, and related persons who are involved in building construction and disaster management.

scholarly journals Damage Probability Assessment of Hospital Buildings in Yogyakarta, Indonesia as Essential Facility due to an Earthquake Scenario

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 225
Author(s):  
Yunalia Muntafi ◽  
Nobuoto Nojima ◽  
Atika Ulfah Jamal
Keyword(s):  
Response Spectra ◽  
Prediction Equation ◽  
Building Damage ◽  
Damage State ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
Damage Level ◽  
Earthquake Scenario ◽  
Capacity Curves ◽  
Damage Probability ◽  
Essential Facility

Indonesia is a country located in an earthquake-prone region, and is characterized by significantly increased peak ground acceleration value. The seismic hazard map of Indonesia stated in SNI 1726-2012 and the current statistics published by PUSGEN in 2017 emphasized on the significance of assessing building damage probabilities, especially for essential structures in Yogyakarta. However, immediate action is required to handle response and recovery operations during and after a disaster. The aim of this study, therefore, is to ascertain the vulnerability and damage probability of hospital buildings in Yogyakarta by employing the 2006 earthquake scenario, where reports showed the destruction of over 156,000 houses and other structures. Furthermore, a Hazard-US (HAZUS) method was used for structural analysis, while a ground motion prediction equation was adopted to produce the building response spectra, following the characteristics of the earthquake incidence. The vital step in this assessment involves building type classification and identification of seismic design levels. However, the damage tendency of buildings is determined using the peak building response, which ensures the generation of capacity curves. The most significant findings on building damage probability value were less than 15% in each damage state (slight, moderate, extensive, complete). In addition, the optimum value was achieved at the minimum level of damage (minor), while the least values were recorded at the highest damage level (complete).

IMPACT ASSESSMENT ON STORM SURGE RISKS TO CONTAINERS CONSIDERING GLOBAL WARMING

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rikito Hisamatsu ◽  
Rikito Hisamatsu ◽  
Kei Horie ◽  
Kei Horie
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Inundation Depth ◽  
Risk Assessment Tools ◽  
Risk Maps ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Vulnerability Functions

Container yards tend to be located along waterfronts that are exposed to high risk of storm surges. However, risk assessment tools such as vulnerability functions and risk maps for containers have not been sufficiently developed. In addition, damage due to storm surges is expected to increase owing to global warming. This paper aims to assess storm surge impact due to global warming for containers located at three major bays in Japan. First, we developed vulnerability functions for containers against storm surges using an engineering approach. Second, we simulated storm surges at three major bays using the SuWAT model and taking global warming into account. Finally, we developed storm surge risk maps for containers based on current and future situations using the vulnerability function and simulated inundation depth. As a result, we revealed the impact of global warming on storm surge risks for containers quantitatively.

scholarly journals Development of Fragility Curves for Piping and Slope Stability of River Levees

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 738
Author(s):  
Nicola Rossi ◽  
Mario Bačić ◽  
Meho Saša Kovačević ◽  
Lovorka Librić
Keyword(s):  
Slope Stability ◽  
Fragility Curves ◽  
Safety Margin ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Flood Event ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Design Code ◽  
A Site ◽  
Insight Into

The design code Eurocode 7 relies on semi-probabilistic calculation procedures, through utilization of the soil parameters obtained by in situ and laboratory tests, or by the means of transformation models. To reach a prescribed safety margin, the inherent soil parameter variability is accounted for through the application of partial factors to either soil parameters directly or to the resistance. However, considering several sources of geotechnical uncertainty, including the inherent soil variability, measurement error and transformation uncertainty, full probabilistic analyses should be implemented to directly consider the site-specific variability. This paper presents the procedure of developing fragility curves for levee slope stability and piping as failure mechanisms that lead to larger breaches, where a direct influence of the flood event intensity on the probability of failure is calculated. A range of fragility curve sets is presented, considering the variability of levee material properties and varying durations of the flood event, thus providing crucial insight into the vulnerability of the levee exposed to rising water levels. The procedure is applied to the River Drava levee, a site which has shown a continuous trend of increased water levels in recent years.

scholarly journals Broadband Strong-Motion Prediction for Future Nankai-Trough Earthquakes Using Statistical Green’s Function Method and Subsequent Building Damage Evaluation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 7041
Author(s):  
Baoyintu Baoyintu ◽  
Naren Mandula ◽  
Hiroshi Kawase
Keyword(s):  
Green’S Function ◽  
Green's Function ◽  
Nankai Trough ◽  
Ground Motions ◽  
Building Damage ◽  
Steel Buildings ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
Attenuation Relations ◽  
Strong Ground Motions ◽  
Strong Ground

We used the Green’s function summation method together with the randomly perturbed asperity sources to sum up broadband statistical Green’s functions of a moderate-size source and predict strong ground motions due to the expected M8.1 to 8.7 Nankai-Trough earthquakes along the southern coast of western Japan. We successfully simulated seismic intensity distributions similar to the past earthquakes and strong ground motions similar to the empirical attenuation relations of peak ground acceleration and velocity. Using these results, we predicted building damage by non-linear response analyses and find that at the regions close to the source, as well as regions with relatively thick, soft sediments such as the shoreline and alluvium valleys along the rivers, there is a possibility of severe damage regardless of the types of buildings. Moreover, the predicted damage ratios for buildings built before 1981 are much higher than those built after because of the significant code modifications in 1981. We also find that the damage ratio is highest for steel buildings, followed by wooden houses, and then reinforced concrete buildings.

scholarly journals Fragility estimation for global building classes using analysis of the Cambridge earthquake damage database (CEQID)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Spence ◽  
Sandra Martínez-Cuevas ◽  
Hannah Baker
Keyword(s):  
Fragility Curves ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Earthquake Damage ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
Damage Level ◽  
Ground Motion Parameter ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Concrete Building ◽  
Damage Data ◽  
Regional Comparisons

AbstractThis paper describes CEQID, a database of earthquake damage and casualty data assembled since the 1980s based on post-earthquake damage surveys conducted by a range of research groups. Following 2017–2019 updates, the database contains damage data for more than five million individual buildings in over 1000 survey locations following 79 severely damaging earthquakes worldwide. The building damage data for five broadly defined masonry and reinforced concrete building classes has been assembled and a uniform set of six damage levels assigned. Using estimated peak ground acceleration (PGA) for each survey location based on USGS Shakemap data, a set of lognormal fragility curves has been developed to estimate the probability of exceedance of each damage level for each class, and separate fragility curves for each of five geographical regions are presented. A revised set of fragility curves has also been prepared in which the bias in the curve resulting from the uncertainty in the ground motion parameter has been removed. The uncertainty in the fragility curves is evaluated and discussed and the curves are compared with those from other studies. A resistance index for each class of building is developed and cross-regional comparisons using this resistance index are presented.

scholarly journals Vulnerability Assessment of Buildings due to Land Subsidence Using InSAR Data in the Ancient Historical City of Pistoia (Italy)

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 2749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Ezquerro ◽  
Matteo Del Soldato ◽  
Lorenzo Solari ◽  
Roberto Tomás ◽  
Federico Raspini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fragility Curves ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Sar Interferometry ◽  
Ground Subsidence ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Radar Images ◽  
Spatial Deformation ◽  
Damage Probability ◽  
Medium Resolution ◽  
Vertical Displacements

The launch of the medium resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Sentinel-1 constellation in 2014 has allowed public and private organizations to introduce SAR interferometry (InSAR) products as a valuable option in their monitoring systems. The massive stacks of displacement data resulting from the processing of large C-B and radar images can be used to highlight temporal and spatial deformation anomalies, and their detailed analysis and postprocessing to generate operative products for final users. In this work, the wide-area mapping capability of Sentinel-1 was used in synergy with the COSMO-SkyMed high resolution SAR data to characterize ground subsidence affecting the urban fabric of the city of Pistoia (Tuscany Region, central Italy). Line of sight velocities were decomposed on vertical and E–W components, observing slight horizontal movements towards the center of the subsidence area. Vertical displacements and damage field surveys allowed for the calculation of the probability of damage depending on the displacement velocity by means of fragility curves. Finally, these data were translated to damage probability and potential loss maps. These products are useful for urban planning and geohazard management, focusing on the identification of the most hazardous areas on which to concentrate efforts and resources.

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