Ground Motion Parameter Sensitivity to Shear Strain Ratio in Equivalent Linear Analyses

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 1889-1901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Carlton
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strain ◽  
Strain Ratio ◽  
Peak Ground Velocity ◽  
Ground Displacement ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
Maximum Shear Strain ◽  
Vertical Arrays ◽  
Equivalent Linear ◽  
Ground Motion Parameter ◽  
Predicted Values

This paper compares 5,715 equivalent linear analyses to examine the sensitivity of the results to the shear strain ratio ( SR). The results show that as SR increases, equivalent linear analyses predict larger values of maximum shear strain ( γ max), peak ground displacement, mean period ( T m), and spectral acceleration ( Sa) at long periods, smaller values of peak ground acceleration ( PGA), Arias intensity, significant duration, and Sa at short periods, and similar values of peak ground velocity and Sa at middle periods. SR has a non-negligible effect on predicted values of γ max, T m, and Sa at short and long periods. This study also compares measured values from 80 ground motions and six vertical arrays with the results of equivalent linear analyses conducted using two methods to calculate SR. The results show that using SR = 0.65 gives a 2–10% better fit than using SR = ( M − 1)/10, where M is the earthquake magnitude.

Comparison of Equivalent Linear and Nonlinear Site Response Analysis Results and Model to Estimate Maximum Shear Strain

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 1867-1887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Carlton ◽  
Kohji Tokimatsu
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strain ◽  
Site Response ◽  
Response Spectrum ◽  
Peak Ground Velocity ◽  
Site Response Analysis ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
Maximum Shear Strain ◽  
Nonlinear Site Response ◽  
Equivalent Linear

We compared the results of equivalent linear (ELA) and nonlinear site response analyses (NLA) and found that the differences between the values of the peak ground acceleration ( PGA), peak ground velocity ( PGV), Arias intensity ( I a), significant duration ( D5–75), and response spectrum for periods between 0.025 s and 2 s predicted by each method are non-negligible for maximum shear strain values predicted by ELA ( γ max, ELA) greater than 0.04% to 1.0%. As γ max, ELA increases, ELA in general predict smaller shear strain and D5–75 values, and larger PGA, PGV, I a, mean period, and response spectral values for periods less than 0.1 s and periods near the natural site period than NLA. To help researchers and practitioners decide when to use ELA and/or NLA, we developed a model to estimate γ max, ELA before conducting a site response analysis.

Probabilistic assessment of earthquake-induced sliding displacements of natural slopes

2009 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen M. Rathje ◽  
Gokhan Saygili
Keyword(s):  
Ground Motion ◽  
Peak Ground Acceleration ◽  
Earthquake Magnitude ◽  
Motion Parameter ◽  
Peak Ground Velocity ◽  
Vector Model ◽  
Probabilistic Framework ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
Ground Motion Parameter ◽  
Natural Slopes

The evaluation of earthquake-induced landslides in natural slopes is often based on an estimate of the permanent sliding displacement due to earthquake shaking. Current procedures for estimating sliding displacement do not rigorously account for the significant uncertainties present in the analysis. This paper presents a probabilistic framework for computing the annual rate of exceedance of different levels of displacement such that a hazard curve for sliding displacement can be developed. The analysis incorporates the uncertainties in the prediction of earthquake ground shaking, in the prediction of sliding displacement, and in the assessment of soil properties. Predictive models for sliding displacement that are appropriate for the probabilistic framework are presented. These models include a scalar model that predicts sliding displacement in terms of a single ground motion parameter (peak ground acceleration) and the earthquake magnitude, as well as a vector model that incorporates two ground motion parameters (peak ground acceleration and peak ground velocity). The addition of a second ground motion parameter results in a significant reduction in the standard deviation of the sliding displacement prediction. Comparisons are made between displacement hazard curves developed from the current scalar and vector models and previously developed scalar models that do not include earthquake magnitude. Additionally, an approximation to the vector hazard assessment is presented and compared with the rigorous vector approach. Finally, the inclusion of the soil property uncertainty is shown to increase the mean hazard at a site.

scholarly journals Seismic Hazard Assessment for Thuong Tan-Tan My Quarries (Vietnam)

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cao Dinh Trong ◽  
Xuan-Nam BUI ◽  
Pham NAM HUNG ◽  
Thai ANH TUAN ◽  
Mai XUAN BACH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Hazard Assessment ◽  
Peak Ground Acceleration ◽  
Seismic Hazard Assessment ◽  
Earthquake Hazard ◽  
Peak Ground Velocity ◽  
Ground Displacement ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
Probability Of Exceedance ◽  
S Peak

This paper presents the seismic hazard assessment for Thuong Tan-Tan My quarries in Di An commune, Binh Duong province, Vietnam. Combination methods of gravity and magneto-telluric were used to estimate the dip angle and the width of the seismic source. The highest water column of 160 m will cause direct stress on the reservoir bottom with a maximum value of 1535.600 kPa and Coulomb stress of 68.693 kPa (at a depth of 2 km). The typical components of natural earthquake hazard (Mn.max = 5.0, depth of 10 km) in Thuong Tan - Tan My reservoir have the following values: peak ground acceleration PGA = 0.073 g ÷ 0.212 g; peak ground velocity PGV = 2.662 cm/s ÷ 7.984 cm/s; peak ground displacement PGD = 0.706 cm ÷ 1.918 cm at 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years. The typical components of triggered earthquake hazard (Mtr.max = 3.5, depth of 6 km) in Thuong Tan - Tan My reservoir have the following values: peak ground acceleration PGA = 0.024 g ÷ 0.172 g; peak ground velocity PGV = 0 ÷ 5.484 cm/s; peak ground displacement PGD = 0.061 cm ÷ 0.461 cm at 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years.

scholarly journals Fragility estimation for global building classes using analysis of the Cambridge earthquake damage database (CEQID)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Spence ◽  
Sandra Martínez-Cuevas ◽  
Hannah Baker
Keyword(s):  
Fragility Curves ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Earthquake Damage ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
Damage Level ◽  
Ground Motion Parameter ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Concrete Building ◽  
Damage Data ◽  
Regional Comparisons

AbstractThis paper describes CEQID, a database of earthquake damage and casualty data assembled since the 1980s based on post-earthquake damage surveys conducted by a range of research groups. Following 2017–2019 updates, the database contains damage data for more than five million individual buildings in over 1000 survey locations following 79 severely damaging earthquakes worldwide. The building damage data for five broadly defined masonry and reinforced concrete building classes has been assembled and a uniform set of six damage levels assigned. Using estimated peak ground acceleration (PGA) for each survey location based on USGS Shakemap data, a set of lognormal fragility curves has been developed to estimate the probability of exceedance of each damage level for each class, and separate fragility curves for each of five geographical regions are presented. A revised set of fragility curves has also been prepared in which the bias in the curve resulting from the uncertainty in the ground motion parameter has been removed. The uncertainty in the fragility curves is evaluated and discussed and the curves are compared with those from other studies. A resistance index for each class of building is developed and cross-regional comparisons using this resistance index are presented.

scholarly journals Attenuation relationships of peak ground motions in the Jazan Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali K. Abdelfattah ◽  
Abdullah Al-amri ◽  
Kamal Abdelrahman ◽  
Muhamed Fnais ◽  
Saleh Qaysi
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Ground Motions ◽  
Prediction Equation ◽  
Peak Ground Velocity ◽  
Local Magnitude ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Hypocentral Distance ◽  
Distance Range ◽  
Attenuation Relationships

AbstractIn this study, attenuation relationships are proposed to more accurately predict ground motions in the southernmost part of the Arabian Shield in the Jazan Region of Saudi Arabia. A data set composed of 72 earthquakes, with normal to strike-slip focal mechanisms over a local magnitude range of 2.0–5.1 and a distance range of 5–200 km, was used to investigate the predictive attenuation relationship of the peak ground motion as a function of the hypocentral distance and local magnitude. To obtain the space parameters of the empirical relationships, non-linear regression was performed over a hypocentral distance range of 4–200 km. The means of 638 peak ground acceleration (PGA) and peak ground velocity (PGV) values calculated from the records of the horizontal components were used to derive the predictive relationships of the earthquake ground motions. The relationships accounted for the site-correlation coefficient but not for the earthquake source implications. The derived predictive attenuation relationships for PGV and PGA are$$ {\log}_{10}(PGV)=-1.05+0.65\cdotp {M}_L-0.66\cdotp {\log}_{10}(r)-0.04\cdotp r, $$ log 10 PGV = − 1.05 + 0.65 · M L − 0.66 · log 10 r − 0.04 · r , $$ {\log}_{10}(PGA)=-1.36+0.85\cdotp {M}_L-0.85\cdotp {\log}_{10}(r)-0.005\cdotp r, $$ log 10 PGA = − 1.36 + 0.85 · M L − 0.85 · log 10 r − 0.005 · r , respectively. These new relationships were compared to the grand-motion prediction equation published for western Saudi Arabia and indicate good agreement with the only data set of observed ground motions available for an ML 4.9 earthquake that occurred in 2014 in southwestern Saudi Arabia, implying that the developed relationship can be used to generate earthquake shaking maps within a few minutes of the event based on prior information on magnitudes and hypocentral distances taking into considerations the local site characteristics.

scholarly journals Seismic Hazard Assessment for the Tianshui Urban Area, Gansu Province, China

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenming Wang ◽  
David T. Butler ◽  
Edward W. Woolery ◽  
Lanmin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Ground Motion ◽  
Seismic Design ◽  
Hazard Analysis ◽  
Seismic Hazard Assessment ◽  
Gansu Province ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Peak Ground Velocity ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
Acceleration Time Histories

A scenario seismic hazard analysis was performed for the city of Tianshui. The scenario hazard analysis utilized the best available geologic and seismological information as well as composite source model (i.e., ground motion simulation) to derive ground motion hazards in terms of acceleration time histories, peak values (e.g., peak ground acceleration and peak ground velocity), and response spectra. This study confirms that Tianshui is facing significant seismic hazard, and certain mitigation measures, such as better seismic design for buildings and other structures, should be developed and implemented. This study shows that PGA of 0.3 g (equivalent to Chinese intensity VIII) should be considered for seismic design of general building and PGA of 0.4 g (equivalent to Chinese intensity IX) for seismic design of critical facility in Tianshui.

Nonlinear Site Effects from the 30 November 2018 Anchorage, Alaska, Earthquake

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Thornley ◽  
Utpal Dutta ◽  
John Douglas ◽  
Zhaohui (Joey) Yang
Keyword(s):  
Site Response ◽  
Strong Motion ◽  
North American Plate ◽  
Peak Ground Velocity ◽  
Reference Station ◽  
Earthquake Hazards ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
Nonlinear Site Response ◽  
Generalized Inversion Technique ◽  
Versus Peak

ABSTRACT Anchorage, Alaska, is a natural laboratory for recording strong ground motions from a variety of earthquake sources. The city is situated in a tectonic region that includes the interface and intraslab earthquakes related to the subducting Pacific plate and crustal earthquakes from the upper North American plate. The generalized inversion technique was used with a local rock reference station to develop site response at >20 strong-motion stations in Anchorage. A database of 94 events recorded at these sites from 2005 to 2019 was also compiled and processed to compare their site response with those in the 2018 Mw 7.1 event (main event). The database is divided into three datasets, including 75 events prior to the main event, the main event, and 19 aftershocks. The stations were subdivided into the site classes defined in the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program based on estimated average shear-wave velocity in of the upper 30 m (VS30), and site-response results from the datasets were compared. Nonlinear site response was observed at class D and DE sites (VS30 of 215–300 and 150–215  m/s, respectively) but not at class CD and C sites (VS30 of 300–440 and 440–640  m/s, respectively). The relationship of peak ground acceleration versus peak ground velocity divided by VS30 (shear-strain proxy) was shown to further support the observation that sites with lower VS30 experienced nonlinear site response.

scholarly journals Investigating the influence of topographic irregularities and two-dimensional effects on surface ground motion intensity with one- and two-dimensional analyses

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1773-1788 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Ç. İnce ◽  
L. Yılmazoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Ground Motion ◽  
Site Response ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
Equivalent Linear ◽  
Local Soil ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Earthquake Response Analysis

Abstract. In this work, the surface ground motion that occurs during an earthquake in ground sections having different topographic forms has been examined with one and two dynamic site response analyses. One-dimensional analyses were undertaken using the Equivalent-Linear Earthquake Response Analysis (EERA) program based on the equivalent linear analysis principle and the Deepsoil program which is able to make both equivalent linear and nonlinear analyses and two-dimensional analyses using the Plaxis 8.2 software. The viscous damping parameters used in the dynamic site response analyses undertaken with the Plaxis 8.2 software were obtained using the DeepSoil program. In the dynamic site response analyses, the synthetic acceleration over a 475-year return period representing the earthquakes in Istanbul was used as the basis of the bedrock ground motion. The peak ground acceleration obtained different depths of soils and acceleration spectrum values have been compared. The surface topography and layer boundaries in the 5-5' cross section which cuts across the study area west to east were selected in order to examine the effect of the land topography and layer boundaries on the analysis results, and were flattened and compared with the actual status. The analysis results showed that the characteristics of the surface ground motion change in relation to the varying local soil conditions and land topography.

Study on Thermal Cycling of Sn0.7Cu Solder

2013 ◽  
Vol 791-793 ◽  
pp. 362-365
Author(s):  
Li Yang ◽  
Ju Li Li ◽  
Jing Guo Ge ◽  
Meng Li ◽  
Nan Ji
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Steady State ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Thermal Cycling ◽  
Shear Strain ◽  
Maximum Shear Stress ◽  
Steady State Creep ◽  
Maximum Shear Strain ◽  
Cycle Number ◽  
State Cycle

Thermal cycling of a unit Sn0.7Cu solder was studied based on the steady-state creep constitutive equation and Matlab software. The results show that there is a steady-state cycle for the thermal cycling of unit Sn0.7Cu eutectic solder. In steady-state thermal cycling, the shear stress is increased with the increase of temperature. There is a stage of stress relaxation during high temperature. A liner relationship between maximum shear stress and maximum shear strain is observed during thermal cycling. The metastable cycle number is declined greatly with the increase of maximum shear strain.

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