Types of Nervous System in Man, Their Heredity and Evolution

1947 ◽  
Vol 93 (391) ◽  
pp. 262-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Davidenkov
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Nerve Cell ◽  
Primary Phase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Excitation Process ◽  
Conditioned Reflexes ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Inhibition Process

The theory concerning the various types of nervous system in man, generally acknowledged by Russian neurologists, is based on the principles established by Pavlov in his investigations on conditioned reflexes in dogs. It was Pavlov and his collaborators who succeeded in establishing that all variations in the nervous types of dog are due to three main differences. These differences may consist in varying intensity in the essential processes (excitation and inhibition), peculiar to the nerve cell of the cerebral cortex, with the result that some specimens are of a stronger, others of a weaker nervous type. There may also be differences in the degree of equilibrium attained between the two processes, with the result that some specimens are well balanced, while others are unbalanced. Finally the differences may consist in the rate at which the nerve cell is able to pass from one state to the other, in the rate at which the concentration of the excitation or inhibition process is reached after the primary phase of irradiation, and in the rate at which the excitation process becomes extinct within a cell after the action of the stimulus has ceased. As a result of these latter differences some specimens may be more mobile, others more inert. At the same time it was established that the differences with respect to all these three functions could develop independently of one another, owing to which fact the resulting typologic combinations are extremely varied.

scholarly journals Pre-existing neuronal pathways in the leg imaginal discs of Drosophila

Development ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 107 (4) ◽  
pp. 855-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Tix ◽  
M. Bate ◽  
G.M. Technau
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Imaginal Discs ◽  
Postembryonic Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sense Organs ◽  
Adult Cell ◽  
A Cell ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Drosophila Embryos

Injection of a cell lineage tracer (HRP) into Drosophila embryos before cellularization provides a way of selectively labelling cells at later stages that have undergone only a few mitoses. All cells born and differentiating during embryogenesis become labelled, whereas further proliferation and growth during postembryonic development causes an almost complete dilution of the marker in the adult cell complement. Early born neurons visualized in this way are good candidates for executing a pioneering function during postembryonic differentiation of the adult nervous system. In all three pairs of leg imaginal discs, a stereotyped set of larval sense organs becomes selectively labelled. Their axons fasciculate with a larval nerve, which connects the leg disc with the central nervous system. Larval sense organs are not present in the other imaginal discs. Larval neurons are not present in the transformed antennal discs of Antp 73B flies. Nonetheless adult axons successfully navigate to the base of these discs as they differentiate to form ectopic legs. We conclude that embryonically formed larval nerves are not essential for the guidance of adult axons within the leg discs.

Effect of Rajat Bhasma with Smritisagar Rasa in Parkinson

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepak Ekka ◽  
Swati Dubey ◽  
D. S. Dhruw
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Nerve Cell ◽  
Basal Ganglion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mental Slowness ◽  
The Brain

Parkinson is a disorder of nerve cell in the brain that is produced by the Dopamine, The global incidence is about 0.2/1000 and a prevalence of 1.5/1000 in U.K. The brain revels a loss of pigmentation in the substania nigra and locus of ceruleus, loss of pigmentation is accompanied by gliosis in the substania nigra and the other basal ganglion. Symptoms appear after a 60% to 80% loss of pigmented neuron. In Ayurveda Rajat Bhasma which has Vata-Shamak, Madhura Vipaka, Kashaya-Amla Rasa, Sheetala, Snigdha and also Brimhana so it play important role in nervous system and Smiritisagar Rasa has Tikshna, Ushna, Vyavayi as well as Yogvahi properties, Kapha-vata Shamak and Bhawna Dravya are Brahmi, Vacha, Malkangni also helpful in mental slowness and depression. Aim of this article is to know about the disease and its management by Ayurvedic perspective.

scholarly journals XXVII.—On the Restoration of Co-ordinated Movements after Nerve Section

1900 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 685-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Spinal Root ◽  
A Cell ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

From the point of view of its function, a nerve fibre is a conductor of nervous impulses, and as such is the path of communication between two structures, the one situated in the central nervous system, and the other in the periphery. In the mixed nerve, such as the sciatic, the nerve fibres are distinguished as afferent or as efferent, according as they conduct impulses originating at the periphery, and received by a cell in the central nervous system, or vice versâ. It has long since been shown that nerve fibres are capable of conducting impulses in either direction, but normally, from their anatomical connections, the individual nerve fibres are conductors for impulses only in the one or in the other direction. This is proved by the Wallerian method of investigation, as on severance of the posterior spinal root distal to the ganglion only certain fibres degenerate and the conductivity of the nerve only for afferent impulses is lost, while the severance of the anterior root is followed by the degeneration of the remainder with loss of functions depending on efferent impulses.

The role of the brain

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray Guillery
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Clinical Condition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Sense Organs ◽  
The World ◽  
Motor Actions ◽  
The Brain

This chapter introduces two interpretations of how we know about the world. One, the standard, sensory-to-motor view, is that physical actions for sounds, lights, tastes, smells, and so on act on our sense organs to produce messages that are sent through the nervous system to the cerebral cortex, where the relevant structures of the world can be recognized and appropriate motor actions can be initiated. The other is an interactive sensorimotor view where the nervous system records our interactions with the world, abstracting our knowledge about the world from these interactions. These two opposing views have rarely been considered in terms of specific neural pathways or the messages that they carry; that is the plan for this book. Each view leads to different sets of interpretations of experiments and to different sets of research proposals. The final part of the chapter explores a well-studied and widely taught clinical condition that illustrates the confusions that can arise when the dual meaning of the driver messages to the thalamus is not recognized.

scholarly journals A STUDY OF ARYL SULFATASE AND ACID PHOSPHATASE IN THE DEVELOPING NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE RAT

1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 582-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. CHOY ◽  
H. CRAVIOTO
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Enzyme Reaction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Aryl Sulfatase ◽  
Essential Enzyme ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Developing Nervous System

Aryl sulfatases A and B and acid phosphatase activities were studied in the nervous system of rats aged 5, 10, 15, 20 and greater than 45 days. The enzyme reaction products appeared as granules localized in neurons of the cerebral cortex, brain stem, choroid plexus and ependyma and in blood vessels. The distribution and intensity of enzyme reaction product varied with the age of the animals. Aryl sulfatase B activity appeared earlier and reached a maximum of intensity sooner than the other enzymes. Acid phosphatase and aryl sulfatase A activities appeared at the same time. However, acid phosphatase had a greater intensity of activity than aryl sulfatase A. The increased activity of aryl sulfatase B was parallel with the maturation of neurons. It is suggested that aryl sulfatase B may be an essential enzyme for myelination.

scholarly journals Kinesin-6 KIF20B is required for efficient cytokinetic furrowing and timely abscission in human cells

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerstin M. Janisch ◽  
Katrina C. McNeely ◽  
Joseph M. Dardick ◽  
Samuel H. Lim ◽  
Noelle D. Dwyer
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Human Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Central Spindle ◽  
Temporal Regulation ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Late Maturation ◽  
Different Cell Types

ABSTRACTCytokinesis requires the cooperation of many cytoskeletal and membrane regulators. Most of the major players required for cytokinesis are known, but the temporal regulation and adaptations for different cell types are less understood. KIF20B (previously called MPHOSPH1 or MPP1) is a member of the Kinesin-6 family, which also includes the better-known members KIF23/MKLP1 and KIF20A/MKLP2. Previously, we showed that mouse Kif20b is involved in cerebral cortex growth and midbody organization of neural stem cells. Here we show that KIF20B has a cell-autonomous role in cytokinesis in isolated human cells. It localizes to microtubules of the central spindle and midbody throughout cytokinesis, at sites distinct from the other Kinesin-6 family members. KIF20B is not required for central spindle or midbody assembly, but affects midbody shape and late maturation steps. KIF20B appears to temporally regulate both furrow ingression and abscission.

Glucuronyl 3-sulfate occurs exclusively on distal unmyelinated terminals of selected sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 958-959
Author(s):  
S.S. Spicer ◽  
B.A. Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
Tissue Antigens ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Leu 7

Generation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against tissue antigens has yielded several (VC1.1, HNK- 1, L2, 4F4 and anti-leu 7) which recognize the unique sugar epitope, glucuronyl 3-sulfate (Glc A3- SO4). In the central nervous system, these MAbs have demonstrated Glc A3-SO4 at the surface of neurons in the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, the retina and other widespread regions of the brain.Here we describe the distribution of Glc A3-SO4 in the peripheral nervous system as determined by immunostaining with a MAb (VC 1.1) developed against antigen in the cat visual cortex. Outside the central nervous system, immunoreactivity was observed only in peripheral terminals of selected sensory nerves conducting transduction signals for touch, hearing, balance and taste. On the glassy membrane of the sinus hair in murine nasal skin, just deep to the ringwurt, VC 1.1 delineated an intensely stained, plaque-like area (Fig. 1). This previously unrecognized structure of the nasal vibrissae presumably serves as a tactile end organ and to our knowledge is not demonstrable by means other than its selective immunopositivity with VC1.1 and its appearance as a densely fibrillar area in H&E stained sections.

scholarly journals ML-23 The outcome of malignant lymphoma of the central nervous system in a single institution

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. ii18-ii18
Author(s):  
Kiyonori Kuwahara ◽  
Shigeo Ohba ◽  
Kazuyasu Matsumura ◽  
Saeko Higashiguchi ◽  
Daijiro Kojima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Malignant Lymphoma ◽  
Survival Time ◽  
Progression Free Survival ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Other Hand

Abstract Background: Although high dose-methotrexate therapy has been performed for primary central nervous system malignant lymphoma (PCNSL), R-MPV (rituximab, methotrexate (MTX), procarbazine and vincristine) therapy is currently the first line therapy for (PCNSL) in our hospital. This study examines the results of R-MPV therapy comparing with past treatment. Method/Subjects: Thirty-seven patients treated at our hospital from 2009 to 2020 were included. Overall survival time, progression free survival time, and toxicities were evaluated. Results: The average age of patients was 65.7 years. Patients included 21 males and 16 females. Thirty-six patients were diagnosed DLBCL by resected brain tumor tissues, and one was diagnosed DLBCL by vitreous biopsy. As initial treatment, rituximab±HD-MTX therapy (R±MTX group) was performed in 20 cases, HD-MTX therapy plus radiation (R±MTX+RT group) was performed in 12 cases, and RMPV therapy was performed in 5 cases (R-MPV group). Median OS of all cases was 69 months and median PFS was 38 months. Median OS was 69 months in R±MTX group and could not be calculated in R±MTX+RT, and R-MPV groups. Median PFS was 16 months and 56 months in R±MTX group and R±MTX+RT, respectively, and could not be calculated in the R-MPV group. Although the R-MPV group had a short follow-up period, the results were considered to be comparable to those of the R±MTX+RT group. On the other hand, grade 3/4 adverse events occurred in 50%, 25%, and 100%, respectively. Conclusion: R-MPV therapy may delay the timing of radiation and reduce the amount of radiation. On the other hand, the frequency of adverse events is high, and more strict management of treatment is required.

scholarly journals A cell-based drug delivery platform for treating central nervous system inflammation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oren Levy ◽  
Veit Rothhammer ◽  
Ivan Mascanfroni ◽  
Zhixiang Tong ◽  
Rui Kuai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Central Nervous System Inflammation ◽  
Delivery Platform ◽  
A Cell

Role of Autonomic Nervous System in Maintenance of Cerebral and Renal Hypertension

1957 ◽  
Vol 188 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sol Rothman ◽  
Douglas R. Drury
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Renal Hypertension ◽  
The Other ◽  
Peripheral Vasculature ◽  
Blood Pressures ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous ◽  
Blood Pressure Responses

The blood pressure responses to various drugs were investigated in renal hypertensive, cerebral hypertensive and normotensive rabbits. Hexamethonium bromide and Dibenamine reduced the blood pressures of renal and cerebral hypertensives. Effects in the normal were insignificant. The cerebral hypertensive's blood pressure was slightly affected by benzodioxane. Blood pressure was not reduced at all in the other groups. Blood pressure of the renal hypertensive rabbit was greatly reduced by Veriloid and dihydroergocornine. Blood pressures of cerebral and normal animals were affected to a lesser degree. The results suggest that maintenance of hypertension in the cerebral hypertensive rabbit depends on an overactive sympathetic nervous system, possibly due to the release of medullary pressor centers from inhibitory impulses originating in higher centers; whereas, the maintenance of hypertension in the renal hypertensive rabbit may be attributed to an increased reactivity of the peripheral vasculature to a normal sympathetic tone.

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