scholarly journals A STUDY OF ARYL SULFATASE AND ACID PHOSPHATASE IN THE DEVELOPING NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE RAT

1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 582-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. CHOY ◽  
H. CRAVIOTO
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Enzyme Reaction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Aryl Sulfatase ◽  
Essential Enzyme ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Developing Nervous System

Aryl sulfatases A and B and acid phosphatase activities were studied in the nervous system of rats aged 5, 10, 15, 20 and greater than 45 days. The enzyme reaction products appeared as granules localized in neurons of the cerebral cortex, brain stem, choroid plexus and ependyma and in blood vessels. The distribution and intensity of enzyme reaction product varied with the age of the animals. Aryl sulfatase B activity appeared earlier and reached a maximum of intensity sooner than the other enzymes. Acid phosphatase and aryl sulfatase A activities appeared at the same time. However, acid phosphatase had a greater intensity of activity than aryl sulfatase A. The increased activity of aryl sulfatase B was parallel with the maturation of neurons. It is suggested that aryl sulfatase B may be an essential enzyme for myelination.

scholarly journals Acid-beta-glycerophosphatase reaction products in the central nervous system mitochondria following x-ray irradiation.

1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 402-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Roizin ◽  
D Orlovskaja ◽  
J C Liu ◽  
A L Carsten
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Enzyme Reaction ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Huntington's Chorea ◽  
X Ray ◽  
System A ◽  
Chemical Lesion ◽  
The Central Nervous System

A survey of the literature to date on the enzyme histochemistry of intracellular organelles has not yielded any reference to the presence of acid phosphatase reaction products in the mammalian mitochondria of the central nervous system. A combination of Gomori's acid phosphatase mehtod, however, with standard electron microscopy has disclosed the presence of enzyme reaction products in the mitochondria of the central nervous system of rats from 2 hr to 22 weeks after x-ray irradiation, as well as in a cerebral biopsy performed on a patient affected by Huntington's chorea. No enzyme reaction products, on the other hand, were observed in serial sections that had been incubated in substrates either containing sodium fluoride or lacking in beta-glycerophosphate. The abnormal mitochondrial enzyme reaction (chemical lesion) is considered to be the consequenco of the pathologic process affecting the ultrastructural-chemical organization of the organelle.

Types of Nervous System in Man, Their Heredity and Evolution

1947 ◽  
Vol 93 (391) ◽  
pp. 262-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Davidenkov
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Nerve Cell ◽  
Primary Phase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Excitation Process ◽  
Conditioned Reflexes ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Inhibition Process

The theory concerning the various types of nervous system in man, generally acknowledged by Russian neurologists, is based on the principles established by Pavlov in his investigations on conditioned reflexes in dogs. It was Pavlov and his collaborators who succeeded in establishing that all variations in the nervous types of dog are due to three main differences. These differences may consist in varying intensity in the essential processes (excitation and inhibition), peculiar to the nerve cell of the cerebral cortex, with the result that some specimens are of a stronger, others of a weaker nervous type. There may also be differences in the degree of equilibrium attained between the two processes, with the result that some specimens are well balanced, while others are unbalanced. Finally the differences may consist in the rate at which the nerve cell is able to pass from one state to the other, in the rate at which the concentration of the excitation or inhibition process is reached after the primary phase of irradiation, and in the rate at which the excitation process becomes extinct within a cell after the action of the stimulus has ceased. As a result of these latter differences some specimens may be more mobile, others more inert. At the same time it was established that the differences with respect to all these three functions could develop independently of one another, owing to which fact the resulting typologic combinations are extremely varied.

The role of the brain

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray Guillery
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Clinical Condition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Sense Organs ◽  
The World ◽  
Motor Actions ◽  
The Brain

This chapter introduces two interpretations of how we know about the world. One, the standard, sensory-to-motor view, is that physical actions for sounds, lights, tastes, smells, and so on act on our sense organs to produce messages that are sent through the nervous system to the cerebral cortex, where the relevant structures of the world can be recognized and appropriate motor actions can be initiated. The other is an interactive sensorimotor view where the nervous system records our interactions with the world, abstracting our knowledge about the world from these interactions. These two opposing views have rarely been considered in terms of specific neural pathways or the messages that they carry; that is the plan for this book. Each view leads to different sets of interpretations of experiments and to different sets of research proposals. The final part of the chapter explores a well-studied and widely taught clinical condition that illustrates the confusions that can arise when the dual meaning of the driver messages to the thalamus is not recognized.

scholarly journals The Activity of Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-2, MMP-9) and Their Tissue Inhibitors (TIMP-1, TIMP- 3) in the Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus in Experimental Acanthamoebiasis

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 4128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Łanocha-Arendarczyk ◽  
Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka ◽  
Izabela Gutowska ◽  
Agnieszka Kolasa-Wołosiuk ◽  
Karolina Kot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Matrix Metalloproteinases ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Tissue Inhibitors ◽  
Immunological Status ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Increased Activity

The pathological process occurring within the central nervous system (CNS) as a result of the infection by Acanthamoeba spp. is not fully understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether Acanthamoeba spp. may affect the levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2,- 9), their tissue inhibitors (TIMP-1,-3) and MMP-9/TIMP-1, MMP-2/TIMP-3 ratios in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, in relation to the host’s immunological status. Our results showed that Acanthamoeba spp. infection can change the levels of MMP and TIMP in the CNS and may be amenable targets for limiting amoebic encephalitis. The increase in the activity of matrix metalloproteinases during acanthamoebiasis may be primarily the result of inflammation process, probably an increased activity of proteolytic processes, but also (to a lesser extent) a defense mechanism preventing the processes of neurodegeneration.

Lead aspartate: a new en bloc stain for electron microscopy

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-35
Author(s):  
J.R. Walton
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Calcium Ion ◽  
Enzyme Reaction ◽  
Lead Citrate ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
En Bloc ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Lead Salts ◽  
Thin Sectioning ◽  
High Alkalinity

In electron microscopy, lead is the metal most widely used for enhancing specimen contrast. Lead citrate requires a pH of 12 to stain thin sections of epoxy-embedded material rapidly and intensively. However, this high alkalinity tends to leach out enzyme reaction products, making lead citrate unsuitable for many cytochemical studies. Substitution of the chelator aspartate for citrate allows staining to be carried out at pH 6 or 7 without apparent effect on cytochemical products. Moreover, due to the low, controlled level of free lead ions, contamination-free staining can be carried out en bloc, prior to dehydration and embedding. En bloc use of lead aspartate permits the grid-staining step to be bypassed, allowing samples to be examined immediately after thin-sectioning.Procedures. To prevent precipitation of lead salts, double- or glass-distilled H20 used in the stain and rinses should be boiled to drive off carbon dioxide and glassware should be carefully rinsed to remove any persisting traces of calcium ion.

Glucuronyl 3-sulfate occurs exclusively on distal unmyelinated terminals of selected sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 958-959
Author(s):  
S.S. Spicer ◽  
B.A. Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
Tissue Antigens ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Leu 7

Generation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against tissue antigens has yielded several (VC1.1, HNK- 1, L2, 4F4 and anti-leu 7) which recognize the unique sugar epitope, glucuronyl 3-sulfate (Glc A3- SO4). In the central nervous system, these MAbs have demonstrated Glc A3-SO4 at the surface of neurons in the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, the retina and other widespread regions of the brain.Here we describe the distribution of Glc A3-SO4 in the peripheral nervous system as determined by immunostaining with a MAb (VC 1.1) developed against antigen in the cat visual cortex. Outside the central nervous system, immunoreactivity was observed only in peripheral terminals of selected sensory nerves conducting transduction signals for touch, hearing, balance and taste. On the glassy membrane of the sinus hair in murine nasal skin, just deep to the ringwurt, VC 1.1 delineated an intensely stained, plaque-like area (Fig. 1). This previously unrecognized structure of the nasal vibrissae presumably serves as a tactile end organ and to our knowledge is not demonstrable by means other than its selective immunopositivity with VC1.1 and its appearance as a densely fibrillar area in H&E stained sections.

Migratory Neural Crest Cells Phagocytose Cellular Debris in the Developing Nervous System

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunlu Zhu ◽  
Samantha C. Crowley ◽  
Andrew J. Latimer ◽  
Gwendolyn M. Lewis ◽  
Rebecca Nash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Crest ◽  
Neural Crest Cells ◽  
Cellular Debris ◽  
Developing Nervous System

Use of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to detect prostatic acid phosphatase by immunoblotting.

1986 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 1832-1835 ◽  
Author(s):  
P C Patel ◽  
L Aubin ◽  
J Côte
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Western Blot ◽  
Polyclonal Antibodies ◽  
Prostatic Acid Phosphatase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dot Blot ◽  
Western Blots ◽  
Dot Blot Assay ◽  
Polyclonal Antisera

Abstract We investigated two techniques of immunoblotting--the Western blot and the dot blot--for use in detecting prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP, EC 3.1.3.2). We used polyclonal antisera to human PAP, produced in rabbits by hyperimmunization with purified PAP, and PAP-specific monoclonal antibodies in the immunoenzymatic protocols. We conclude that PAP can be readily detected by Western blots with use of polyclonal antisera, but not with monoclonal antibodies. On the other hand, using a dot blot assay, we could easily detect PAP with both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies.

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