Arhinencephaly with Incomplete Separation of the Cerebral Hemispheres

1942 ◽  
Vol 88 (371) ◽  
pp. 341-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. T. H. Fleming ◽  
R. M. Norman
Keyword(s):  
Mental Hospital ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Cerebral Hemispheres ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Olfactory Bulbs ◽  
Cerebral Malformation ◽  
Partial Separation ◽  
Transitional Group ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain

Partial agenesis of the olfactory apparatus or arhinencephaly is usually associated with other gross manifestations of cerebral malformation. The subject has recently been discussed by Stewart (1939), who described the rare variety in which absence of the olfactory bulbs and tracts constituted the main abnormality. Intermediate between this, the mildest form of arhinencephaly, and the cyclopian brain in which the endbrain fails to divide into hemispheres and cranial nerves other than the first are also affected, comes a transitional group in which a partial separation of the hemispheres has taken place and arhinencephaly is present in varying degree. The present case is an example of this intermediate variety, and owing to the rarity of the condition we have thought it worthy of record, though a lack of reliable clinical and post-mortem information somewhat reduces its value. The brain was found amongst a number at the Hereford County and City Mental Hospital.

Lantern Demonstration of Gross Lesions of the Cerebrum

1901 ◽  
Vol 47 (199) ◽  
pp. 729-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Shaw Bolton
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Dura Mater ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Pyramidal Layer ◽  
Gross Lesions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Morbid Conditions

This demonstration was a further report on the subject laid before the Association at the meeting at Claybury in February last, viz., the morbid changes occurring in the brain and other intra-cranial contents in amentia and dementia. In a paper read before the Royal Society in the spring of 1900, and subsequently published in the Philosophical Transactions, it was stated, as the result of a systematic micrometric examination of the visuo-sensory (primary visual) and visuo-psychic (lower associational) regions of the cerebral cortex, that the depth of the pyramidal layer of nerve-cells varies with the amentia or dementia existing in the patient. At the meeting of the Association referred to it was further shown, from an analysis, clinical and pathological, of 121 cases of insanity which appeared consecutively in the post-mortem room at Claybury, that the morbid conditions inside the skull-cap in insanity, viz., abnormalities in the dura mater, the pia arachnoid, the ependyma and intra-cranial fluid, etc., are the accompaniments of and vary in degree with dementia alone, and are independent of the duration of the mental disease. Since that date the pre-frontal (higher associational) region has been systematically examined in nineteen cases, viz., normal persons and normal aments (infants), and cases of amentia, of chronic and recurrent insanity without appreciable dementia, and of dementia, and the results obtained form the subject of the present demonstration. A paper on the whole subject will shortly be published in the Archives of the Claybury Laboratory.

scholarly journals Dentate gyrus formation requires Emx2

Development ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 122 (12) ◽  
pp. 3893-3898 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Pellegrini ◽  
A. Mansouri ◽  
A. Simeone ◽  
E. Boncinelli ◽  
P. Gruss
Keyword(s):  
Dentate Gyrus ◽  
Early Embryogenesis ◽  
Cerebral Hemispheres ◽  
Limbic Cortex ◽  
Olfactory Bulbs ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
Hippocampus Proper ◽  
The Brain

Emx 1 and 2 are the murine homologues of the Drosophila empty spiracles gene and based on their expression pattern may be involved in the regional specification of the mammalian forebrain. During early embryogenesis, Emx2 is expressed in the presumptive cerebral cortex and olfactory bulbs and later, in the hippocampus proper and dentate gyrus. The latter are involved in memory processes. To understand the role of Emx2 in vivo, we have mutated the gene in mice. Homozygous embryos die postnatally because of severe urogenital alterations. These mice present cerebral hemispheres with a reduced size and exhibit specific morphological alterations in allocortical structures of the medial wall of the brain. The dentate gyrus is missing and the hippocampus proper is reduced. The medial limbic cortex is also severely shortened. The development of the dentate gyrus is affected at the onset of its formation with defects in the neuroepithelium from which it originates. These findings demonstrate that Emx2 is required for the development of several forebrain structures.

scholarly journals A rare deformity of the brain, accompanied by incomplete separation of the cerebral hemispheres

2020 ◽  
Vol V (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
V. P. Osipov
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Premature Birth ◽  
Fetal Movement ◽  
Cerebral Hemispheres ◽  
Military Hospital ◽  
Maternity Ward ◽  
Normal Type ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain

The case, the description of which will be the subject of this article, belongs to the number of rare deformities of the central nervous system, presenting very sharp deviations from the normal type of brain development. The brain belongs to a stillborn premature fetus, which appeared in the light under the following conditions: In the fall of 1895, S.P. A pregnant woman came to the Burgsk Clinical Military Hospital, stating that she felt the approach of childbirth, although she still had about a month to go; at the same time, she explained that she was serving in a tobacco factory, where three days ago she was hit in the stomach by a heavy bale that had fallen on her; soon after that she stopped feeling the fetal movement, and then labor pains began. The objective examination of the woman in labor, carried out in the maternity ward, confirmed the death of the fetus, and a few hours later, the premature birth was followed by the dead fetus.

scholarly journals I. A record of experiments upon the functions of the cerebral cortex

1887 ◽  
Vol 42 (251-257) ◽  
pp. 111-111
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Cerebral Hemispheres ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Exact Condition ◽  
Cortex Cerebri ◽  
Motor Region ◽  
The Brain

The paper consists, as its title implies, of a record of experiments relating to the functions of the cerebral cortex, a subject upon which the authors have been engaged during three years. The experiments have been entirely made upon monkeys. After describing the methods employed, the general results of excitation and of extirpation of various parts of the cerebral hemispheres on one or both sides are given, and the cases in which the method of ablation has been employed are then recorded in detail, the symptoms observed during life and the condition of the brain after death being systematically noted. Each case is illustrated by one or more drawings, showing the exact condition of the brain post mortem . In some instances sections of the brain are also represented. The paper includes also a topographical plan of the excitable or motor region of the cortex cerebri .

scholarly journals Herpetic brainstem encephalitis: report of a post-mortem case studied electron microscopically and immunohisiochemically

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Eymard Homem Pitella ◽  
Virgínia Hora Rios Leite ◽  
Marco Aurélio Lana-Peixoto ◽  
Carlos Eduardo Bacchi
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Brainstem Encephalitis ◽  
Pathologic Examination ◽  
Temporal Lobes ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

A post-mortem examined case of herpetic brainstem encephalitis is presented. Clinically, the patient had cephalea followed by ataxia, drowsiness and multiple palsies of some cranial nerves, developing into death in eight days. The pathologic examination of the brain showed necrotizing encephalitis in multiple foci limited to the brainstem, more distinctly in the pons and medula oblongata. The technique of immunoperoxidase revealed rare glial cells with intranuclear immunoreactivity for herpes antigen. Rare viral particles with the morphological characteristics of the herpesvirus were identified in the nuclei of neurons in 10% formol fixed material. This is the second reported case of herpetic brainstem encephalitis confirmed by post-mortem examination. The pathway used by the virus to reach the central nervous system and its posterior dissemination to the oral cavity, the orbitofrontal region and the temporal lobes as well as to the brainstem, after a period of latency and reactivation, are discussed.

Gross Morphometrical Study on the Brain of Fowl(Gallus domesticus)

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunil K. Gupta ◽  
Sabbineni Haswitha ◽  
Amandeep Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Optic Tract ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Cerebral Hemispheres ◽  
Olfactory Bulbs ◽  
Optic Chiasma ◽  
Optic Lobes ◽  
Single Structure ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Morphometrical Study

Morphological study was conducted on the brain of nine fowl aged from 2 to 6 months. The pear-shaped brain lodged in the cranial cavity was 3.34 ± 0.08 g in weight, with a length of 26.69±0.40 mm and width of 20.60 ± 0.17 mm. It consisted of cerebral hemispheres, pineal body, optic lobes, and cerebellum when viewed from the dorsal surface. On ventral surface, from cranial to caudal end it had olfactory bulbs, orbital faces of the cerebral hemispheres, optic chiasma, optic tract, optic lobes, hypophysis cerebri, midbrain (cerebral peduncles), pons and medulla oblongata, which was continued into the spinal cord. Olfactory bulbs present on the tapered cranial end of cerebral hemisphere were so closely attached with each other that were giving the appearance as a single structure. The cerebral hemispheres were obtuse triangular and devoid of gyrus and sulci. The cerebellum was located behind the transverse sulcus and had gyri and sulci. It was round structure resembling a curled worm and was 11.80±0.25 mm in length and 8.53±0.21 mm in width.

Vorläufige Ergebnisse von 99mTc-HMPAO-SPECT-Untersuchungen bei endogenen Psychosen

1989 ◽  
Vol 28 (03) ◽  
pp. 88-91
Author(s):  
J. Schröder ◽  
H. Henningsen ◽  
H. Sauer ◽  
P. Georgi ◽  
K.-R. Wilhelm
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Regional Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Regions Of Interest ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Regional Cerebral Blood ◽  
Hmpao Spect ◽  
Endogenous Psychoses ◽  
The Brain ◽  
99Mtc Hmpao

18 psychopharmacologically treated patients (7 schizophrenics, 5 schizoaffectives, 6 depressives) were studied using 99mTc-HMPAO-SPECT of the brain. The regional cerebral blood flow was measured in three transversal sections (infra-/supraventricular, ventricular) within 6 regions of interest (ROI) respectively (one frontal, one parietal and one occipital in each hemisphere). Corresponding ROIs of the same section in each hemisphere were compared. In the schizophrenics there was a significantly reduced perfusion in the left frontal region of the infraventricular and ventricular section (p < 0.02) compared with the data of the depressives. The schizoaffectives took an intermediate place. Since the patients were treated with psychopharmaca, the result must be interpreted cautiously. However, our findings seem to be in accordance with post-mortem-, CT- and PET-studies presented in the literature. Our results suggest that 99mTc-HMPAO-SPECT may be helpful in finding cerebral abnormalities in endogenous psychoses.

Preservation of cranial nerves during removal of the brain for an enhanced student experience in neuroanatomy classes

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Long ◽  
David J.H. Roberts ◽  
James D. Pickering
Keyword(s):  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Student Experience ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals VI. On the comparative structure of the brain in rodents

1882 ◽  
Vol 33 (216-219) ◽  
pp. 15-21
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Organ ◽  
Cortical Surface ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Comparative Structure ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain

I have endeavoured in this abstract to summarise the results of my recent researches into the minute structure of the brain in the smaller Rodents. The pig and sheep, which were the subjects of my former memoir, possess a highly developed olfactory apparatus conjoined to a well convoluted cortical surface; but in the smaller animals now under consideration the surface of the hemispheres is almost perfectly smooth, while the olfactory organ, from its comparative size and complex relationship, has an important part to play in the architecture of the brain. Animals possessing the latter type of cerebrum have been classed together as the Osmatic Lissencéphales, in contradistinction to those which were the subject of my former enquiries, the Osmatic Gyren-céphales. My researches into the structure of the brain of prominent members of the former group, viz., the rabbit and rat, may be considered under two heads:— ( a .) The histology of the complete cortical envelope.

A Case of Rare Monstrosity in a Calf

1966 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Dozsa
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Anomalies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cerebral Hemispheres ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Heifer Calf

The literature on congenital anomalies of calves is reviewed, and the author describes a case of malformation in a purebred Hereford heifer calf. This animal, which lived for 3 days, had two muzzles and two sets of rudimentary teeth and lower lips. There were four cerebral hemispheres but no duplication of the other parts of the brain. On the basis of the organs which were duplicated, the monster was termed a disprosopus, distomus, diotus, triophthalmos, ditelencephalus and monometencephalus.

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