Chemical Investigation of the Central Nervous System under Normal and Pathological Conditions. Chemical Examination of the Central Nervous System in Two Cases of General Paralysis. (Arch. Neur. and Psychiat., April, 1922.) Koch, Mathilde L.

1923 ◽  
Vol 69 (284) ◽  
pp. 129-130
Author(s):  
Marjorie E. Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Chemical Investigation ◽  
Chemical Examination ◽  
General Paralysis ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals Novel in vitro Experimental Approaches to Study Myelination and Remyelination in the Central Nervous System

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Marangon ◽  
Nicolò Caporale ◽  
Marta Boccazzi ◽  
Maria P. Abbracchio ◽  
Giuseppe Testa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Disease Modeling ◽  
Brain Physiology ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Approaches To Study ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Experimental Approaches

Myelin is the lipidic insulating structure enwrapping axons and allowing fast saltatory nerve conduction. In the central nervous system, myelin sheath is the result of the complex packaging of multilamellar extensions of oligodendrocyte (OL) membranes. Before reaching myelinating capabilities, OLs undergo a very precise program of differentiation and maturation that starts from OL precursor cells (OPCs). In the last 20 years, the biology of OPCs and their behavior under pathological conditions have been studied through several experimental models. When co-cultured with neurons, OPCs undergo terminal maturation and produce myelin tracts around axons, allowing to investigate myelination in response to exogenous stimuli in a very simple in vitro system. On the other hand, in vivo models more closely reproducing some of the features of human pathophysiology enabled to assess the consequences of demyelination and the molecular mechanisms of remyelination, and they are often used to validate the effect of pharmacological agents. However, they are very complex, and not suitable for large scale drug discovery screening. Recent advances in cell reprogramming, biophysics and bioengineering have allowed impressive improvements in the methodological approaches to study brain physiology and myelination. Rat and mouse OPCs can be replaced by human OPCs obtained by induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from healthy or diseased individuals, thus offering unprecedented possibilities for personalized disease modeling and treatment. OPCs and neural cells can be also artificially assembled, using 3D-printed culture chambers and biomaterial scaffolds, which allow modeling cell-to-cell interactions in a highly controlled manner. Interestingly, scaffold stiffness can be adopted to reproduce the mechanosensory properties assumed by tissues in physiological or pathological conditions. Moreover, the recent development of iPSC-derived 3D brain cultures, called organoids, has made it possible to study key aspects of embryonic brain development, such as neuronal differentiation, maturation and network formation in temporal dynamics that are inaccessible to traditional in vitro cultures. Despite the huge potential of organoids, their application to myelination studies is still in its infancy. In this review, we shall summarize the novel most relevant experimental approaches and their implications for the identification of remyelinating agents for human diseases such as multiple sclerosis.

Presence of Ia-Positive Cells in the Central Nervous System of the Rat during Various Pathological Conditions

1987 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.H. Polman ◽  
C.D. Dijkstra ◽  
C.J.A. de Groot ◽  
J.C. Koetsier ◽  
T. Sminia
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The use of vertebral angiography for the recognition of spinal cord vascular injuries during birth injuries of the spine

1985 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-46
Author(s):  
R. G. Mingazov ◽  
L. I. Nikoilin
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Vascular Injuries ◽  
Correct Interpretation ◽  
Vertebral Angiography ◽  
Birth Injuries ◽  
Vertebral Arteries ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
The Central Nervous System

For the correct interpretation of a number of pathological conditions that caused the death of the fetus and newborn, understanding the pathogenesis of birth injuries of the central nervous system, it is important to study the state of the vasculature of the spinal cord and, first of all, the vertebral arteries.

scholarly journals Regulation of Injury-Induced Neurogenesis by Nitric Oxide

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno P. Carreira ◽  
Caetana M. Carvalho ◽  
Inês M. Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cellular Types ◽  
Powerful Strategy

The finding that neural stem cells (NSCs) are able to divide, migrate, and differentiate into several cellular types in the adult brain raised a new hope for restorative neurology. Nitric oxide (NO), a pleiotropic signaling molecule in the central nervous system (CNS), has been described to be able to modulate neurogenesis, acting as a pro- or antineurogenic agent. Some authors suggest that NO is a physiological inhibitor of neurogenesis, while others described NO to favor neurogenesis, particularly under inflammatory conditions. Thus, targeting the NO system may be a powerful strategy to control the formation of new neurons. However, the exact mechanisms by which NO regulates neural proliferation and differentiation are not yet completely clarified. In this paper we will discuss the potential interest of the modulation of the NO system for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases or other pathological conditions that may affect the CNS.

scholarly journals CLINICAL СASE OF INFLUENZA A(H1N1) COMPLICATED WITH ACUTE DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 64-68
Author(s):  
L. N. Mazankova ◽  
T. A. Chebotareva ◽  
E. P. Koval ◽  
M. A. Antsupova ◽  
A. V. Belaya
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Cytopathic Effect ◽  
Rare Complication ◽  
Neural Tissue ◽  
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The defeat of the central nervous system in influenza reflects the properties of both the pathogen itself and the complex pathogenetic mechanisms of the influenza infectious process.  Existing modern  theories do not fully explain the pathological conditions of influenza in the central nervous system, which is still accompanied by ambiguous clinical arguments about the direct cytopathic effect of the influenza virus on neural tissue with the development of encephalitis. Another rare complication of the flu is acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. The autoimmune mechanism of the development of this disease is universally recognized, despite the continuing difficulties of diagnosis in the absence of oligoclonal antibodies in blood plasma and spinal cerebral fluid in the majority of patients.

Oligodendroglial heterogeneity in time and space (NG2 glia in the CNS)

e-Neuroforum ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leda Dimou ◽  
Michael Wegner
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Population ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Heterogeneous Population ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Similarities And Differences

AbstractNG2 glia represent a neural cell population that expresses the proteoglycan NG2 and is distinct from other cell types of the central nervous system. While they generate oligodendrocytes and a subset of astrocytes during development, their progeny in the adult brain solely consists of oligodendrocytes and further NG2 glia. In the last years, it has become clear that NG2 glia represent a heterogeneous population of cells with different properties and potential. In this review we will first discuss the similarities and differences between NG2 glia of the developing and adult CNS, before we will describe the regulatory mechanisms in these cells to finally concentrate on the heterogeneity of NG2 glia under physiological and pathological conditions.

The Iron, Copper and Manganese Content of the Human Brain

1937 ◽  
Vol 83 (345) ◽  
pp. 452-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Tingey
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Manganese Content ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Iron Copper ◽  
Form Part ◽  
Paper Form ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Mineral Constituents

The observations recorded in this paper form part of an investigation into the mineral constituents of the central nervous system both in normal and pathological conditions.

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