The Iron, Copper and Manganese Content of the Human Brain

1937 ◽  
Vol 83 (345) ◽  
pp. 452-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Tingey
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Manganese Content ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Iron Copper ◽  
Form Part ◽  
Paper Form ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Mineral Constituents

The observations recorded in this paper form part of an investigation into the mineral constituents of the central nervous system both in normal and pathological conditions.

scholarly journals Vesicular dysfunction and pathways to neurodegeneration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick A. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Cell Viability ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cellular Events ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cellular Control

Abstract Cellular control of vesicle biology and trafficking is critical for cell viability, with disruption of these pathways within the cells of the central nervous system resulting in neurodegeneration and disease. The past two decades have provided important insights into both the genetic and biological links between vesicle trafficking and neurodegeneration. In this essay, the pathways that have emerged as being critical for neuronal survival in the human brain will be discussed – illustrating the diversity of proteins and cellular events with three molecular case studies drawn from different neurological diseases.

scholarly journals Novel in vitro Experimental Approaches to Study Myelination and Remyelination in the Central Nervous System

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Marangon ◽  
Nicolò Caporale ◽  
Marta Boccazzi ◽  
Maria P. Abbracchio ◽  
Giuseppe Testa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Disease Modeling ◽  
Brain Physiology ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Approaches To Study ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Experimental Approaches

Myelin is the lipidic insulating structure enwrapping axons and allowing fast saltatory nerve conduction. In the central nervous system, myelin sheath is the result of the complex packaging of multilamellar extensions of oligodendrocyte (OL) membranes. Before reaching myelinating capabilities, OLs undergo a very precise program of differentiation and maturation that starts from OL precursor cells (OPCs). In the last 20 years, the biology of OPCs and their behavior under pathological conditions have been studied through several experimental models. When co-cultured with neurons, OPCs undergo terminal maturation and produce myelin tracts around axons, allowing to investigate myelination in response to exogenous stimuli in a very simple in vitro system. On the other hand, in vivo models more closely reproducing some of the features of human pathophysiology enabled to assess the consequences of demyelination and the molecular mechanisms of remyelination, and they are often used to validate the effect of pharmacological agents. However, they are very complex, and not suitable for large scale drug discovery screening. Recent advances in cell reprogramming, biophysics and bioengineering have allowed impressive improvements in the methodological approaches to study brain physiology and myelination. Rat and mouse OPCs can be replaced by human OPCs obtained by induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from healthy or diseased individuals, thus offering unprecedented possibilities for personalized disease modeling and treatment. OPCs and neural cells can be also artificially assembled, using 3D-printed culture chambers and biomaterial scaffolds, which allow modeling cell-to-cell interactions in a highly controlled manner. Interestingly, scaffold stiffness can be adopted to reproduce the mechanosensory properties assumed by tissues in physiological or pathological conditions. Moreover, the recent development of iPSC-derived 3D brain cultures, called organoids, has made it possible to study key aspects of embryonic brain development, such as neuronal differentiation, maturation and network formation in temporal dynamics that are inaccessible to traditional in vitro cultures. Despite the huge potential of organoids, their application to myelination studies is still in its infancy. In this review, we shall summarize the novel most relevant experimental approaches and their implications for the identification of remyelinating agents for human diseases such as multiple sclerosis.

Presence of Ia-Positive Cells in the Central Nervous System of the Rat during Various Pathological Conditions

1987 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.H. Polman ◽  
C.D. Dijkstra ◽  
C.J.A. de Groot ◽  
J.C. Koetsier ◽  
T. Sminia
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals Isolation and partial characterization of methylated arginines from the encephalitogenic basic protein of myelin

1971 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Baldwin ◽  
P. R. Carnegie
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Basic Protein ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Exchange Behaviour

Two methylated derivatives of arginine were isolated from the encephalitogenic protein of myelin from the central nervous system. Evidence is presented for the proposed structures, ω-NN′-dimethylarginine and ω-N-monomethylarginine. In the encephalitogenic protein from human brain the proportion 1:6:10 for arginine:monomethylarginine:dimethylarginine residues was found to occur at position 107. Possible roles for the methylated arginine in conformational changes and altered ion-exchange behaviour are discussed.

The use of vertebral angiography for the recognition of spinal cord vascular injuries during birth injuries of the spine

1985 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-46
Author(s):  
R. G. Mingazov ◽  
L. I. Nikoilin
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Vascular Injuries ◽  
Correct Interpretation ◽  
Vertebral Angiography ◽  
Birth Injuries ◽  
Vertebral Arteries ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
The Central Nervous System

For the correct interpretation of a number of pathological conditions that caused the death of the fetus and newborn, understanding the pathogenesis of birth injuries of the central nervous system, it is important to study the state of the vasculature of the spinal cord and, first of all, the vertebral arteries.

scholarly journals Defensive Perimeter in the Central Nervous System: Predominance of Astrocytes and Astrogliosis during Recovery from Varicella-Zoster Virus Encephalitis

2015 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 379-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Carpenter ◽  
Amy C. Clayton ◽  
Kevin C. Halling ◽  
Daniel J. Bonthius ◽  
Erin M. Buckingham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Varicella Zoster Virus ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Human Host ◽  
The Central Nervous System

ABSTRACTVaricella-zoster virus (VZV) is a highly neurotropic virus that can cause infections in both the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system. Several studies of VZV reactivation in the peripheral nervous system (herpes zoster) have been published, while exceedingly few investigations have been carried out in a human brain. Notably, there is no animal model for VZV infection of the central nervous system. In this report, we characterized the cellular environment in the temporal lobe of a human subject who recovered from focal VZV encephalitis. The approach included not only VZV DNA/RNA analyses but also a delineation of infected cell types (neurons, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes). The average VZV genome copy number per cell was 5. Several VZV regulatory and structural gene transcripts and products were detected. When colocalization studies were performed to determine which cell types harbored the viral proteins, the majority of infected cells were astrocytes, including aggregates of astrocytes. Evidence of syncytium formation within the aggregates included the continuity of cytoplasm positive for the VZV glycoprotein H (gH) fusion-complex protein within a cellular profile with as many as 80 distinct nuclei. As with other causes of brain injury, these results suggested that astrocytes likely formed a defensive perimeter around foci of VZV infection (astrogliosis). Because of the rarity of brain samples from living humans with VZV encephalitis, we compared our VZV results with those found in a rat encephalitis model following infection with the closely related pseudorabies virus and observed similar perimeters of gliosis.IMPORTANCEInvestigations of VZV-infected human brain from living immunocompetent human subjects are exceedingly rare. Therefore, much of our knowledge of VZV neuropathogenesis is gained from studies of VZV-infected brains obtained at autopsy from immunocompromised patients. These are not optimal samples with which to investigate a response by a human host to VZV infection. In this report, we examined both flash-frozen and paraffin-embedded formalin-fixed brain tissue of an otherwise healthy young male with focal VZV encephalitis, most likely acquired from VZV reactivation in the trigeminal ganglion. Of note, the cellular response to VZV infection mimicked the response to other causes of trauma to the brain, namely, an ingress of astrocytes and astrogliosis around an infectious focus. Many of the astrocytes themselves were infected; astrocytes aggregated in clusters. We postulate that astrogliosis represents a successful defense mechanism by an immunocompetent human host to eliminate VZV reactivation within neurons.

scholarly journals Regulation of Injury-Induced Neurogenesis by Nitric Oxide

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno P. Carreira ◽  
Caetana M. Carvalho ◽  
Inês M. Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cellular Types ◽  
Powerful Strategy

The finding that neural stem cells (NSCs) are able to divide, migrate, and differentiate into several cellular types in the adult brain raised a new hope for restorative neurology. Nitric oxide (NO), a pleiotropic signaling molecule in the central nervous system (CNS), has been described to be able to modulate neurogenesis, acting as a pro- or antineurogenic agent. Some authors suggest that NO is a physiological inhibitor of neurogenesis, while others described NO to favor neurogenesis, particularly under inflammatory conditions. Thus, targeting the NO system may be a powerful strategy to control the formation of new neurons. However, the exact mechanisms by which NO regulates neural proliferation and differentiation are not yet completely clarified. In this paper we will discuss the potential interest of the modulation of the NO system for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases or other pathological conditions that may affect the CNS.

scholarly journals Netrin-1 in Glioblastoma Neovascularization: The New Partner in Crime?

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 8248
Author(s):  
Ximena Vásquez ◽  
Pilar Sánchez-Gómez ◽  
Verónica Palma
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Tumor Cell ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Primary Tumor ◽  
Tumor Vasculature ◽  
Form Part ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and common primary tumor of the central nervous system. It is characterized by having an infiltrating growth and by the presence of an excessive and aberrant vasculature. Some of the mechanisms that promote this neovascularization are angiogenesis and the transdifferentiation of tumor cells into endothelial cells or pericytes. In all these processes, the release of extracellular microvesicles by tumor cells plays an important role. Tumor cell-derived extracellular microvesicles contain pro-angiogenic molecules such as VEGF, which promote the formation of blood vessels and the recruitment of pericytes that reinforce these structures. The present study summarizes and discusses recent data from different investigations suggesting that Netrin-1, a highly versatile protein recently postulated as a non-canonical angiogenic ligand, could participate in the promotion of neovascularization processes in GBM. The relevance of determining the angiogenic signaling pathways associated with the interaction of Netrin-1 with its receptors is posed. Furthermore, we speculate that this molecule could form part of the microvesicles that favor abnormal tumor vasculature. Based on the studies presented, this review proposes Netrin-1 as a novel biomarker for GBM progression and vascularization.

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