On the Restoration of the Peripheral Nerves [Ueber die Regeneration peripherischer Nerven]. (Arch. f. Psychiat., Bd. xxxv, H. 3.) Bethe

1902 ◽  
Vol 48 (200) ◽  
pp. 147-148
Author(s):  
William W. Ireland
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Nerve Cell ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Cell Theory ◽  
Intimate Connection ◽  
Neuron Theory

At the meeting of German neurologists and alienist physicians in Baden-Baden, June, 1901, Dr. Bethe, of Strasburg, explained that during the last decade a new nerve-cell theory had come into vogue. It was assumed that the so-called neuron was an anatomical, functional, pathological, and developmental entity. But it had been shown by Apáthy that there is a direct and intimate connection between the neurons through the primitive nerve-fibrillæ, and Dr. Bethe himself had demonstrated that in the carcinas mænas the nervous system performs its function without any ganglion cells. Thus the cell cannot be a necessary instrument in the process like the pendulum of a clock, or the wheel of a watch. Nissl has shown that the observations of pathologists give no sure support to the neuron theory. Further objections may be taken from the fact that several organs are affected after section of the nerves supplying them. In the case of degeneration of muscles and glands, it may be said that this process may be owing to atrophy from inactivity of their functions; but degeneration of the papillæ circumvallatæ et foliatæ of the tongue in the rabbit has been observed to follow, in from about two to three weeks after section of the glossopharyngeals, although the stimulus has not ceased to be applied to these organs. From this it appears that the pathological process goes further than the boundary of the neuron.

scholarly journals Morphological Signs of Dystrophy, Regeneration and Hypertrophy of Neurons

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Bon EI ◽  
◽  
Malykhina AV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Nerve Cell ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Microscopic Level ◽  
Electron Microscopic Level ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Olfactory Bulbs ◽  
Intracellular Regeneration ◽  
Lateral Ventricles ◽  
Neuronal Disorders

Results: Dystrophic changes constitute an extensive group of neuronal disorders and are manifested at the morphological level by deformation of the perikarions and neuropil, wrinkling or swelling of the cell, and changes in the chromatophilia of the cytoplasm. At the electron microscopic level, disorganization of organelles is observed, reflecting gross violations of the vital processes of the neuron. There are several ways to regenerate neurons: intracellular regeneration, restoration of the neuropil, the formation of new neurons (in some parts of the nervous system - the hippocampus, the subventricular layer of the lateral ventricles and olfactory bulbs) and the formation of heterokaryons (fusion of a neuron with an oligodendrocyte). Hypertrophy of neurons may indicate both compensation and the development of a pathological process. To clarify the nature of this phenomenon, it is necessary to conduct an ultramicroscopic study of the organelles of the nerve cell.

scholarly journals Polyneuropathy following COVID-19 infection: the rehabilitation approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. e242330
Author(s):  
Ahmad Saif ◽  
Anton Pick
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Critical Illness ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Sensorimotor Polyneuropathy ◽  
System Disease ◽  
Symmetrical Pattern

A range of neurological manifestations associated with COVID-19 have been reported in the literature, but the pathogenesis of these have yet to be fully explained. The majority of cases of peripheral nervous system disease published thus far have shown a symmetrical pattern. In contrast, we describe the case of a patient with asymmetrical predominantly upper-limb sensorimotor polyneuropathy following COVID-19 infection, likely due to a multifactorial pathological process involving critical illness neuropathy, mechanical injury and inflammatory disease. His presentation, management and recovery contribute to the understanding of this complex condition and informs rehabilitation approaches.

scholarly journals Rapid multi-directed cholinergic transmission in the central nervous system

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Santhosh Sethuramanujam ◽  
Akihiro Matsumoto ◽  
Geoff deRosenroll ◽  
Benjamin Murphy-Baum ◽  
J Michael McIntosh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Release Site ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Cholinergic Transmission ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Synaptic Mechanisms

AbstractIn many parts of the central nervous system, including the retina, it is unclear whether cholinergic transmission is mediated by rapid, point-to-point synaptic mechanisms, or slower, broad-scale ‘non-synaptic’ mechanisms. Here, we characterized the ultrastructural features of cholinergic connections between direction-selective starburst amacrine cells and downstream ganglion cells in an existing serial electron microscopy data set, as well as their functional properties using electrophysiology and two-photon acetylcholine (ACh) imaging. Correlative results demonstrate that a ‘tripartite’ structure facilitates a ‘multi-directed’ form of transmission, in which ACh released from a single vesicle rapidly (~1 ms) co-activates receptors expressed in multiple neurons located within ~1 µm of the release site. Cholinergic signals are direction-selective at a local, but not global scale, and facilitate the transfer of information from starburst to ganglion cell dendrites. These results suggest a distinct operational framework for cholinergic signaling that bears the hallmarks of synaptic and non-synaptic forms of transmission.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IN DEFICIENCY DISEASES

1934 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Zimmerman ◽  
Ethel Burack
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Progressive Disease ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Persistent Vomiting ◽  
Fiber Tracts ◽  
Heat Stable ◽  
Loss Of Weight ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Deficiency Diseases

Adult dogs maintained on an artificial, balanced ration adequate in all dietary essentials as far as is known except water-soluble, heat-stable vitamin B2 (G) developed, after a sufficient time, a slowly progressive disease characterized by loss of weight, persistent vomiting and diarrhea, and marked muscular weakness, which ended fatally in from 200 to over 300 days. The clinical features of this condition, as pointed out in the discussion, are quite different from those characterizing the canine disease known as black tongue. The anatomic changes in this condition consist of marked demyelination of the peripheral nerves, including the vagus; degeneration of the medullary sheaths and replacement by gliosis of the posterior columns of the spinal cord, particularly the fasciculi graciles; degeneration of the medullary sheaths of the posterior and less often of the anterior nerve roots of the cord; occasionally slight degenerative changes in most of the other fiber tracts of the cord. Attention is called to the fact that degenerative lesions in the central nervous system similar or identical with these have frequently been described in pellagra in man.

ULTRASONIC STUDY IN DIAGNOSTICS OF PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHIES (CASE FROM PRACTICE)

2021 ◽  
pp. 144-146
Author(s):  
Hamanovich A.I. ◽  
◽  
Baida A.G. ◽  
Koyalo L.G. ◽  
Levantsevich V.V. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Peroneal Nerve ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Nerve Trunk ◽  
Peripheral Neuropathies ◽  
Ultrasound Scanning ◽  
Electrophysiological Methods

Electrophysiological methods, such as electromyography and neuromyography, are traditionally recognized as the "gold standard" for detecting pathology of the peripheral nervous system. It should be noted, however, that the information obtained during the above examinations does not give an idea of the state of the surrounding tissues, does not indicate the nature and cause of damage to the nerve trunk, and does not always accurately reflect the localization of changes. At the same time, it is this information that helps to determine the tactics of conservative or surgical treatment of the patient. Ultrasound scanning is quite successfully used in the diagnosis of damage and diseases of the peripheral nerves. The article presents a clinical case of a diagnostic search for a causative disease in a patient with clinical symptoms of neuropathy of the peroneal nerve.

Serologic differentiation of peripheral nerves (especially the autonomic nervous system) from the cerebral cortex

1935 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 909-909
Author(s):  
F. Plaut
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Autonomic Nervous

The author showed that the sera obtained by immunizing rabbits with a suspension of n. sympathicus and n. vagus, do not show specific properties when tested with alcoholic extracts from the same nerves; these serums have only the properties of ordinary neuroanti-serums.

scholarly journals ОСНОВНІ НЕВРОЛОГІЧНІ СИМТОМИ ТА ЇХ ПОШИРЕННЯ У СОБАК

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (3(71)) ◽  
pp. 240-243
Author(s):  
V. Fedorovych ◽  
L. Slivinska ◽  
N. Fedorovych
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Neurological Symptoms ◽  
Nervous System Diseases ◽  
Anatomical Localization ◽  
Neurological Research ◽  
The Brain

As a result of the ambulatory reception it was investigated 12233 animals, of which 5653 (46.2%) were dogs. In the neurological research it had shown the symptoms of the nervous system damage in 653 dogs (11.5%). In particular it was found that paresis and paralysis (23.4%) were the most common neurological symptoms in dogs. Number of animals with inclination of head, ataxia, myoclonus and epileptiform state was respectively 19.8; 14.7; 11.7 and 10.5%. The manifestations of the nervous system damage as nystagmus, tremor and lameness were registered in accordance with 8.3; 4.4 and 4.1% of sick dogs. The least number of dogs were with a disorder of vision (2,8%) and hearing (0,3%), which was associated with the pathology of the nervous system. The above mentioned symptoms of the nervous system diseases do not occur as a symptom, but it was marked their combination – syndromes. The conducted neurological research makes it possible to establish the location of the pathological process in the departments of nervous system (neurons anatomical localization).As a result of the research and the results found that most dogs manifest the symptoms of damage to the brain and spinal mozkupaytiyi. Based on the results of verification of the diagnosis will be made using the methods of visual diagnostics. 

scholarly journals The disorder of the iron metabolism as a possible mechanism for the development of neurodegeneration after new coronavirus infection of SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 13-24
Author(s):  
Igor V. Litvinenko ◽  
Igor V. Krasakov
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Iron Metabolism ◽  
Iron Homeostasis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Parkinsons Disease ◽  
Neurodegenerative Process ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

The involvement of the nervous system in the pathological process that occurs when COVID-19 is infected is becoming more and more obvious. The question of the possibility of the debut or progression of the already developed Parkinsonism syndrome in patients who have undergone COVID-19 is regularly raised. A large number of hypotheses are put forward to explain this relationship. It is assumed that a violation of iron metabolism in the brain may underlie the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, including after the new coronavirus infection SARS-CoV-2. The analysis of stu dies on the possible influence of iron metabolism disorders on the occurrence and mechanism of development of neurodegenerative diseases after infection with SARS-CoV-2 has been carried out. The processes of physiological maintenance of iron homeostasis, as well as the influence of physiological aging on the accumulation of iron in the central nervous system are described. The relationship between hyperferritinemia occurring in COVID-19 and ferroptosis as the basis of the neurodegenerative process in Parkinsons disease and Alzheimers disease is discussed. The main molecular mechanisms involved in ferroptosis are described. Examples of involvement of metal homeostasis disorders in the process of altering the structure of -synuclein, synthesis of -amyloid, hyperphosphorylated tau- protein are given. The causes of excessive iron accumulation in certain brain structures are discussed. The question of the possibility of using the assessment of changes in iron metabolism as a new biomarker of the progression of Parkinsons disease is analyzed. (1 figure, bibliography: 62 refs)

Spatial aspects of neural induction in Xenopus laevis

Development ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 107 (4) ◽  
pp. 785-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.A. Jones ◽  
H.R. Woodland
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Neural Differentiation ◽  
Neural Induction ◽  
Neural Tissue ◽  
Thoracic Region ◽  
Lateral Extent ◽  
Tail Tip ◽  
Developing Nervous System

A monoclonal antibody, 2G9, has been identified and characterised as a marker of neural differentiation in Xenopus. The epitope is present throughout the adult central nervous system and in peripheral nerves. Staining is first detected in embryos at stage 21 in the thoracic region. By stage 29 it stains the whole central nervous system, except the tail tip. The epitope is present in a 65K Mr protein, and includes sialic acid. The antibody also reacts with neural tissue in mice and axolotls and newts. 2G9 was used to show that both notochord and somites are capable of neural induction, and the stimulus is present as late as stage 22. Attempts to demonstrate the induction of nervous system by developing nervous system (homoiogenetic induction) were unsuccessful. The view that the lateral extent of the nervous system might be determined by that of the inductive stimulus is discussed. Neural induction was detected as early as stage 10 and occurs in embryos without gastrulation and without cell division from stage 7 1/2.

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