Methods of rendering Golgi-sublimate Preparations permanent by Platinum Substitution

1901 ◽  
Vol 47 (197) ◽  
pp. 327-330
Author(s):  
W. Ford Robertson ◽  
James H. Macdonald
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Golgi Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Careful Attention ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Cover Glass ◽  
Technical Details ◽  
The One

All histologists who have worked with the silver and sublimate methods of Golgi have experienced the great inconvenience arising from the facts that the preparations are not durable, and that in mounting them a cover-glass cannot be employed in the ordinary way. Preparations by the silver method generally remain in good condition for a somewhat longer period than those by the sublimate method; Golgi has indeed stated he has some which have remained unaltered for nine years. The sublimate method is now most commonly employed in the form of the modification of Cox, in which only one fluid is required instead of two. In preparing sections of tissues that have been kept for the necessary time in this fluid, it is practically essential to blacken the originally steel-grey deposit by one or other of the several methods by which this may now be done. Such preparations, when new, are probably unsurpassed by those obtained by any other Golgi-method; but, unfortunately, when mounted in the orthodox manner without a cover-glass, and in spite of the most careful attention to various other technical details that have been recommended for the purpose of increasing their durability, they almost constantly show disintegration of the black deposit in from four to six months, and are certainly absolutely useless within a year. Ever since Golgi's methods came into use, histologists have been endeavouring to find some means of overcoming this great disadvantage of want of durability of the preparations. The only measure of success that has so far been achieved is that obtained by means of various processes of gold toning. All gold methods are, however, notoriously uncertain in their results. This, of course, simply means that in carrying them out it is necessary to fulfil certain very precise conditions, and that these conditions are as yet imperfectly understood. Certainly the gold toning processes that have been recommended for rendering Golgipreparations permanent are no exception to this rule. Our own observations and experiments have been made chiefly upon sections of tissues preserved in Cox's solution, because we are convinced that Cox's method is for various reasons the most trustworthy process of this class that has yet been devised, and therefore the one most likely to be of service in studying pathological changes. We have tried the methods of Obregia and Golgi for toning sublimate sections with gold. With that of the former we have not had any success. On the other hand, with that of the latter (as briefly described in Jack's translation of Pollack's Methods of Staining the Nervous System) we have obtained some very beautiful purple-black preparations, which have now remained unchanged under a cover-glass for considerably over a year. In the great majority of instances, however, the results have been unsatisfactory, the deposit rapidly undergoing disintegration.

Roma and Constantinopolis in Late-Antique Art From 312 to 365

1947 ◽  
Vol 37 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 135-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. C. Toynbee
Keyword(s):  
Religious Belief ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
The Other ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Public Monuments ◽  
The One ◽  
Independent Existence ◽  
Res Publica

Little more than a decade after Constantine's conversion to Christianity the ancient gods and goddesses of the Graeco-Roman pantheon ceased to appear upon the official coinage and public monuments of the Empire. The personifications—Victoria, Virtus, Pax, Libertas, Securitas, etc., and the ‘geographical’ figures of Res Publica, Roma, Tellus, cities, countries, and tribes—remained. Yet some of these had, up to that very time, received, like the Olympians, their shrines and altars and other honours associated with pagan cultus; and we ask ourselves how it was that a Christian State, while rejecting the one, could retain and ‘baptize’ the other. The answer to this question, which involves the whole complex problem of the nature of pagan religious belief under the later Empire, can only be tentatively suggested here. The pantheon had eventually to go because its denizens had possessed, for the great majority of pagans, a real, objective, and independent existence.

scholarly journals Social engineers and myth-busters: A comparative research on Lithuanian, Norwegian and Serbian language experts

2020 ◽  
pp. 292-344
Author(s):  
Vuk Vukotić
Keyword(s):  
News Media ◽  
Language Ideologies ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Online News ◽  
The Other ◽  
Striking Similarity ◽  
The Public ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
The One

This article compares the language ideologies of language experts (both academic and non-academic) in online news media in Lithuania, Norway and Serbia. The results will reveal that language is understood in diametrically opposed ways amongst Lithuanian and Serbian academic experts on the one, and Norwegian academic experts on the other hand. Lithuanian and Serbian academic experts are influenced by modernist ideas of language as a single, homogenous entity, whose borders ideally match the borders of an ethnic group. Norwegian academic experts function in the public sphere as those who try to deconstruct the modernist notion of language by employing an understanding of language as a cognitive tool that performs communicative and other functions. On the other hand, non-academic experts in all the three countries exhibit a striking similarity in their language ideologies, as the great majority expresses modernist ideals of language.

scholarly journals Zwierzę w filozofii moralności

2004 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-268
Author(s):  
Wiesław Dyk
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Evolutionary Psychology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Ecological Ethics ◽  
Moral Dimension ◽  
The One

The discussion about the rights of animals is always up-to-date. The dichotomy division into philoanimalists and philohominists, although reasonable, is not satisfactory to everyone. It is too strongly associated with the division into people and things in Roman law. To avoid this association in the context of biocentric trends in ecological ethics, accomplishments of evolutionary psychology and the concept of animal welfare, it is suggested that a third moral dimension dealing with creatures with highly developed nervous system be introduced between moral objectivity of creatures with high perception and moral subjectivity of people - creatures characterized by self-awareness and reflexive awareness. Human beings on the one hand are responsible for recognizing their rights given by nature and on the other hand, they are obliged to create a law to protect themselves.

Una aproximación empírica a la ­clasificación y traducción de las figuras retóricas en la publicidad

Babel ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Calzada Perez
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Translation Studies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
New Rhetoric ◽  
Rhetorical Figures ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The One

Since ancient times the suasive value of rhetorical figures has been vastly studied. In fact, Aristotle himself argued that the aim of rhetoric was not just to persuade but to find the best methods of persuasion (Aristotle, Retorica, ed. 1990). These methods have been frequently used in advertising, where they are employed to capture the consumer’s attention and, consequently, to sell the advertised product. However (despite the frequent appearance of rhetorical figures in advertising), there is a scarcity of studies on the role of these persuasive mechanisms in the translation of publicity. Bearing upon the “new rhetoric”, the present paper has a twofold purpose. On the one hand, it aims to import a clear taxonomy of rhetorical figures from advertising into translation studies and subsequently to illustrate the transfer of these figures. On the other hand, it analyses the behaviour of rhetorical figures in the translation process by means of an empirical investigation whose goal it is to further categorise them in a systematic and rational way. Drawing upon the seminal work of McQuarrie and his collaborators, the paper performs a quantitative analysis of a corpus of 120 matching pairs consisting of English advertisements and their existing Spanish counterparts. Results evidence that a great majority of rhetorical figures are “translated”, thus confirming the globalising tendencies of advertising.

What is Scientific Proof?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 638-639
Author(s):  
William G. Crook
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
The Other ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
The One

Can adverse or allergic reactions to what a person eats cause him to be pale, tired, and drowsy on the one hand, or irritable and hyperactive on the other? Can such reactions to food also cause headaches, abdominal pain, and limb pains? Can they make an individual depressed, and can they cause even more bizarre nervous system symptoms, or are such reactions a myth? As long ago as 1916, and on repeated occasions since that time, observers, including Hoobler,1 Shannon,2 Rowe,3 Rinkel et al,4 Randolph,5 Speer,6 Deamer and colleagues,7,8 Gerrard,9 Alvarez,10 and many others,11-18 have described patients with systemic and nervous system reactions caused by a specific hypersensitivity to foods.

Some Observations on the Phenomena of Life and Mind

1868 ◽  
Vol 13 (64) ◽  
pp. 437-449
Author(s):  
Robert Dunn
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Present State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mental Life ◽  
States Of Consciousness ◽  
Physical Forces ◽  
Material Conditions ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The One

Life and mind, in their abstract nature or essence alike inscrutable to us, are problems which belong to the same category; for, in this world, we know nothing of life apart from an organism, and we have no manifestations of mind independently of a brain and nervous system. Here living organisms are required for the display of the vital phenomena, and a brain and nervous system for the manifestations of mind. Life has accordingly been defined as “the collective expression for a series of phenomena which take place exclusively in bodies that are organized,” and “mind as the functional manifestations of the living brain.” But then, and at the outset, it is to be remembered that in affirming sensation, emotion, thought, and volition to be functions of the nervous system, what is really maintained is this, that the vesicular matter of the encephalic ganglia furnishes the material conditions—the medium through which these mental phenomena are made manifest in this life. It may indeed be asked, Are not the physical forces of external nature, which underlie all vital phenomena, and the changing states of consciousness which constitute our mental life, as inscrutable to us in their nature or essence as are life and mind ? and it must be conceded that they are. Matter and force are coexistent, and are correlative. Nor can we conceive of the one but in association with, by, and through the other, any more than we can conceive of life, in our present state of existence, apart from an organism, or of thought independently of a living brain.

Towards a General Theory of Reduction. Part III: Cross-Categorical Reduction

Dialogue ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 496-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.A. Hooker
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mental Function ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
State Association ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The One ◽  
Different Parts

Any theory of reduction that goes only so far as carried in Parts I and II ([165], [166]) does only half the job. Prima facie at least, there are cases of would-be reduction which seem torn between two conflicting intuitions. On the one side there is a strong intuition that reduction is involved, and a strongly retentive reduction at that. On the other side it seems that the concepts at one level cross-classify those at the other level, so that there is no way to identify properties at one level with those at the other. There is evidence to suggest that there will be no unique mental state/neural state association that can be set up, because, e.g., many different parts of the nervous system are all capable of taking over ‘control’ of the one mental function. And it is alleged that infinitely many, worse: indefinitely many, different bio-chemo-physical states could correspond to the economic property ‘has a monetary system of economic exchange’; and similarly for the property ‘has just won a game of tennis’. Yet one doesn't want an economic system or a game of tennis to be some ghostly addition to the actual bio-chemo-physical processes and events involved (cf. Rudner [188]). Similarly one hopes that neurophysiology allied with the rest of natural science will render human experience and behaviour explicable.

scholarly journals Some observations on the functions of the nervous system, and the relation which they bear to the other vital functions

1833 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 373-375
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
Injured Part ◽  
Voluntary Motion ◽  
The One ◽  
Thoracic And Abdominal ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

The intention of the author in the present paper, is, not to bring forwards any new facts, but to take a general review of the inferences deducible from the series of facts detailed by him in previous papers communicated to this Society. He divides the nerves into two classes, essentially differing in their functions. The first comprehends those nerves, which, proceeding directly from the brain and spinal cord to other parts, convey in the one case to those parts the influence of those organs only from which they originate, and thus excite to con­traction the muscles of voluntary motion ; and in the other case transmit to the sensorium impressions made on the parts to which they are distributed. The second class comprises what may betermed the Ganglionic nerves, or those which enter ganglions, pro­perly so called; that term being limited to such protuberances only as receive branches of nerves proceeding from the brain and spiral cord. These nerves are distributed more especially to the vital or­ gans, as the thoracic and abdominal viscera, and to the muscles sub­servient to their functions. The nerves belonging to this class also convey impressions to the sensorium, and occasionally excite the muscles of involuntary motion, which, in common with all muscles, possess an inherent power of contractility dependent solely on their own mechanism, and which in ordinary cases are excited by stimuli peculiar to themselves. But the most important function of the gan­glionic nerves, is that of supporting the processes of secretion and assimilation, which require for their performance the combined influ­ence of the whole brain and spinal cord. Viewed as a whole, the system of ganglionic nerves, therefore, constitutes, in the strictest sense, a vital organ. Thus the sensorium, though connected by means of the cerebral and spinal nerves only partially with the organs of sense and voluntary motion, is, by means of the ganglionic nerves, connected generally with all the functions of the animal body. Hence affections of the stomach and other vital organs extend their influence over every part of the frame; while those of a muscle of voluntary motion, or even of an organ of sense, although possessing greater sensibility, are confined to the injured part. From a due consideration of the phenomena of the nervous system, it would appear that they imply the operation of more than one prin­ciple of action. The sensorial power is wholly distinct from the ner­vous power; the former residing chiefly in the brain, while the latter belongs equally to the spinal cord and brain, and may be exercised independently of the sensorial power. In like manner, the muscular power resides in the muscles, and may be called into action by various irritations independently of the nervous power, though fre­quently excited by the action of that power. The muscles of volun­tary motion are subjected to the sensorial power through the inter­vention of the nervous system; and those of involuntary motion are also, under certain circumstances, capable of being excited through the nerves by the sensorial power, particularly when under the influ­ence of the passions. The same observation applies also to other actions which properly belong to the nervous power, such as the evolution of caloric from the blood, and the various processes of se­cretion and of assimilation. That the nervous power is in these instances merely the agent of other powers, and is independent of the peculiar organization of the nerves, is proved by the same effects being produced by galvanism, transmitted through conductors diffe­rent from the nerves. The successive subordination of these several powers is shown during death, when the sensorial functions are the first to cease, and the animal no longer feels or wills, but yet the nervous power still continues to exist, as is proved by the nerves be­ing capable, when stimulated, of exciting contractions in the muscles, both of voluntary and of involuntary motion,of producing the evolution of caloric and of renewing the processes of secretion. In like manner the power of contraction, inherent in the muscular fibre, survives the destniction of both the sensorial and nervous powers, having an existence independent of either, although in the entire state of the functions they are subjected to the entire influence of both.

scholarly journals Alternation of Neuroses

1887 ◽  
Vol 32 (140) ◽  
pp. 485-491
Author(s):  
Geo. H. Savage
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nervous Disorder ◽  
The One

I have chosen this title as inferring as little as possible any relation other than that of time between the states of disorder. Night follows day, but is not caused by it, and, as we shall see, in some cases one form of nervous disorder is followed by another form of disorder, both having probably a similar cause, but not the one depending on the other as its cause. It is only necessary to say that I use the term neurosis in a very general way, thereby meaning any well recognized disturbance of the nervous system which might be considered due to direct inheritance, or might itself start a morbid nervous series.

scholarly journals Relationship between the tone of the autonomic nervous system in cows and copper content in blood depending on the seasons

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Zhurenko ◽  
◽  
V. Karpovskyi ◽  
V. Zhurenko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Copper Content ◽  
The Other ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Multifactor Analysis ◽  
The One ◽  
Vegetative Status

The tone of the autonomic nervous system is considered on the one hand as one of the manifestations of homeostasis, and on the other hand, as one of the mechanisms of its regulation. The predominance of the tonic effect of the parasympathetic and sympathetic departments of the autonomic nervous system is defined as vagotonia and sympathicotonia. The tone of the autonomic nervous system in cows was determined using a trigeminal vagal test. According to the results, the animal was classified as normotonic, sympathicotonic or vagotonic. The tone of the autonomic nervous system in cows in summer inversely correlated with copper content in whole blood (r=-0.62; p<0.05) and blood cells (r=-0.58; p<0.05). In winter, the correlation of the tone of the autonomic nervous system in cows with its content in whole blood, serum and blood cells did not reach significant values (r=-0.21–0.36). Increased tone of the parasympathetic department of the autonomic nervous system, regardless of the season, had almost no effect on copper content in serum, whole blood and its cells (ղ²x=0.01–0.23). At the same time, sympathicotonia in summer has a significant impact only on the copper content in blood cells – ղ²x=0.58 (p<0.05), while in winter this effect increased significantly (ղ²x=0.91; p<0.001). The multifactor analysis of variance revealed the dependence of copper content on the tone of the autonomic nervous system and the season. However, the vegetative status of cows had a significant impact on its content only in blood cells (F=8.59>FU=4.41; p<0.01), and the season limited copper content only in whole blood (F=12.12>FU=3.55; p<0.01).

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