Italian Retrospect

1899 ◽  
Vol 45 (191) ◽  
pp. 804-806
Author(s):  
W. Ford Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Physical Health ◽  
Cardiac Disease ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Natural Sleep ◽  
General Paralysis ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Therapeutic Value ◽  
Sensory Motor ◽  
The Subject

The Use of Lactophenin as an Hypnotic.—Christiani (Il Manicomio moderno, 1898, No. 2) has recently very strongly advocated the use of lactophenin as an hypnotic in the sleeplessness of the insane. Although his paper has already been noticed in this country (see Brit Med. Journ., 1898, vol. ii, Epitome, par. 448), in view of the probable importance of the subject, and the fact that the alleged therapeutic value of the drug has received strong confirmation from the experiments of Namirez (Brit. Med. Journ., 1899, vol. i, Epitome, par. 128), it may perhaps be useful to give an account of his observations here. He states that he has used lactophenin as an hypnotic in over two hundred cases of insanity, including practically all its various forms. He administered it in doses of from two to three grammes suspended in sweetened mucilage, one hour after supper. He concludes that the drug has an hypnotic action which is certain, rapid, intense, prolonged, and free from any danger. This action manifests itself in from half an hour to one hour after administration. The sleep induced resembles natural sleep. It is profound, quiet, and restorative, lasting generally from four to nine hours. Return to consciousness is not accompanied by any sensory, motor, or gastro-intestinal disturbances. The drug has no cumulative action. Its prolonged use does not give rise to inconvenience of any kind. In one case of general paralysis its administration was followed by jaundice, which, however, he thinks may have been due to some other cause. He has not found any contra-indication to its use in the existence of morbid physical conditions in the insane, such as nephritis cardiac disease, senility, pneumonia. & c. It may be given in any form of mental disease. In some instances it has failed, chiefly in cases of severe delirium. Like other hypnotics, it tends in many cases to gradually lose its effect. He believes that lactophenin is the hypnotic par excellence in insomnia of the insane accompanied by serious involvement of the physical health.

Mental Changes in Cardiac Disease

1930 ◽  
Vol 76 (315) ◽  
pp. 632-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander George Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Present State ◽  
Cardiac Disease ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Rare Complication ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Mental Change ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Circulatory Apparatus ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Points Of View

Mental change in cardiac disease, though a rare complication, is a subject that can be properly and usefully discussed at a meeting of psychiatrists at which physicians are asked to take part. For while the physician may be able to assess accurately the physical defect in the circulatory apparatus, he is trained only in a rough-and-ready way to interpret different types of character, and the way in which they react to disease, and is liable to go astray in his interpretation of mental states. There is also this advantage—that in the present state of uncertainty as to the physical basis of mental disease we cannot look at the subject from too many points of view.

Paralytic Insanity and its Organic Nature

1866 ◽  
Vol 12 (59) ◽  
pp. 348-367
Author(s):  
Franz Meschede ◽  
G. F. Blandford
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disease ◽  
General Paralysis ◽  
Points Of Interest ◽  
Fatal Form ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Morbid Anatomy ◽  
Postmortem Examinations

The disorder commonly called “general paralysis of the insane” presents so many points of interest to the pathologist and the physician, that as a necessary consequence it forms the commonest topic among the writings of those who specially study insanity. But after so much observation and so many treatises, it is disheartening to find that even now scarcely more than one fact with regard to it is laid down as settled and established beyond the possibility of doubt. One there is, the saddest that can be. It is, that for this malady we hitherto have found no cure; that to diagnose it is to pronounce the sentence, not only of incurable insanity, but also of speedy death. The marvel of the whole is, that although death occurs in every case at no very distant period, though postmortem examinations of general paralytics are made by hundreds every year in this and other countries, yet even at this day no two observers are agreed as to the pathology and morbid anatomy, as to the part in which it has its origin, or which constitutes its peculiar and proper seat. No wonder that the whole of the morbid anatomy of insane brain is vague and ill-defined, when this, the specially fatal form of mental disease, still hides itself from usâ still wraps itself in the mystery which envelopes all that relates to mind. I make no apology for drawing the attention of the readers of this Journal to a paper on the subject, published in the October and November numbers of ‘ Virchow's Archives/ 1865, and for giving a short and necessarily imperfect summary of its contents, it being too long for reproduction. But as every outline must needs be unsatisfactory, I trust my readers will go themselves to the original. In default of opportunity of examining many brains of paralytic patients, I present as a contribution to the English treatises on the subject these observations of another.

scholarly journals Classification of Insanity

1886 ◽  
Vol 32 (138) ◽  
pp. 233-234
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
International System ◽  
General Paralysis ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The University

It will be remembered by readers of the Journal that the subject of the classification of mental disorders was discussed at the Congress of Psychiatry, held at Antwerp in September last, and that certain members of the Congress representing different nationalities were appointed to obtain the best-recognised classifications of medico-psychologists in their respective countries, in the hope of obtaining an international system on which all might agree for practical purposes. The nomination of this Commission arose out of a paper read by M. Lefebvre, Professor in the University of Louvain, in which he himself laid down as types of mental disease, idiocy, cretinism, general paralysis, dementia, toxic forms of insanity, mania, melancholia, and circular insanity. The author did not confine himself to classification, but included in his statistical investigations, the number of insane persons in a given area, the causes of insanity in general, the duration of the disease, and its termination and mortality. However, the question of classification took precedence of all others.

The Bacteriological Examination of the Urine in some Cases of General Paralysis

1913 ◽  
Vol 59 (247) ◽  
pp. 596-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Barton White
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disease ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Bacteriological Examination ◽  
General Paralysis ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Micro Organisms

The occurrence of micro-organisms in the urine is well known to be associated with a variety of pathological conditions, among which mental diseases have been included. A definite connection between urinary bacteria and insanity, however, does not seem to have been made out, the subject being even more obscure than the relation of the intestinal flora to mental disease, which has been much more frequently investigated.

Insane Movements and Obsession

1909 ◽  
Vol 55 (230) ◽  
pp. 500-509
Author(s):  
J. Lougheed Baskin
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disease ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Advanced Age ◽  
Nervous Disease ◽  
General Paralysis ◽  
Open Window ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mind

One cannot visit the wards of an asylum without realising that there are many types of mental disease, each with its own symptoms and physical signs, and that intercurrent and overlapping affections of the mind are especially common; thus, in maniacal excitement you may find delusions, in paranoia you find delusions with marked impairment of judgment, in general paralysis you get, in addition to physical signs, delusions, which vary from the facility of the early period to the more difficult mentation found in the advanced age, so that here we have three distinct types of disease, each of which may have delusions, and the delusions may all be of the exalted variety— the patients may consider themselves gods, kings, or mighty personages. The progress of research has had more difficulties to contend with in the subject of mind than in almost any other. It is a subject which is intangible, yet its reactions can be timed. It is unseen, yet its force can manifest itself in various ways through various channels, and it is even possible to transfer it from one person to another if the medium is so constituted, as in hypnotism, thought transference, and similar phenomena. It may occur to you to ask why has the subject of insane movement and obsession been chosen for this paper; well, gentlemen, for some years it has been my lot to witness, on my daily round of the wards, grotesque movements, antics and pantomimic display by patients, which, were they not interesting as symptoms and physical signs of nervous disease, might otherwise be depressing because of their meaninglessness. About three years ago, however, I had my attention drawn to a woman who seemed engaged in making movements, the precise character of which I had not read of or seen before in any asylum. I shall show you this patient making these movements by means of the cinematograph. We would have brought her here only she obstinately refuses to operate when watched, and it was necessary to have the cinematograph pictures focussed through a partly open window when she least suspected observation. Gentlemen, we are well acquainted with such terms as insane acts, insane expression, insane language, insane conduct, and insane movements.

Lantern Demonstration of Gross Lesions of the Cerebrum

1901 ◽  
Vol 47 (199) ◽  
pp. 729-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Shaw Bolton
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Dura Mater ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Pyramidal Layer ◽  
Gross Lesions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Morbid Conditions

This demonstration was a further report on the subject laid before the Association at the meeting at Claybury in February last, viz., the morbid changes occurring in the brain and other intra-cranial contents in amentia and dementia. In a paper read before the Royal Society in the spring of 1900, and subsequently published in the Philosophical Transactions, it was stated, as the result of a systematic micrometric examination of the visuo-sensory (primary visual) and visuo-psychic (lower associational) regions of the cerebral cortex, that the depth of the pyramidal layer of nerve-cells varies with the amentia or dementia existing in the patient. At the meeting of the Association referred to it was further shown, from an analysis, clinical and pathological, of 121 cases of insanity which appeared consecutively in the post-mortem room at Claybury, that the morbid conditions inside the skull-cap in insanity, viz., abnormalities in the dura mater, the pia arachnoid, the ependyma and intra-cranial fluid, etc., are the accompaniments of and vary in degree with dementia alone, and are independent of the duration of the mental disease. Since that date the pre-frontal (higher associational) region has been systematically examined in nineteen cases, viz., normal persons and normal aments (infants), and cases of amentia, of chronic and recurrent insanity without appreciable dementia, and of dementia, and the results obtained form the subject of the present demonstration. A paper on the whole subject will shortly be published in the Archives of the Claybury Laboratory.

The Sexual and Reproductive Functions, Normal and Perverted, in Relation to Insanity. I. Menstruation: its Commencement, Irregularities, and Cessation. II. the Sexual Instinct and its Abuse. III. Pregnancy, Parturition, etc

1888 ◽  
Vol 34 (147) ◽  
pp. 383-393
Author(s):  
Campbell Clark
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
General Medicine ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Psychological Medicine ◽  
Collective Experience ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Present Opportunity

In undertaking to introduce a discussion on this very large and important question, I am conscious of my inability to do it justice. No one can possibly cover the wide range of subjects comprised in it; and I am anxious rather to elicit the convictions of more experienced men than to obtrude my own crude and imperfect ideas. My purpose is, therefore, to state the case as briefly as possible, and to introduce questions for discussion in preference to merely ventilating my own ideas. In this way we may arrive at some common points of agreement and materially advance our knowledge of the subject. There can be no two opinions as to the advantage of bringing to a focus the collective experience and conclusions of the various sections of our profession interested in this field of research, and the present opportunity is a particularly good one. The title of the discussion embraces a great deal, and yet does not strictly include topics which might be considered relevant, particularly therapeutics. My aim at the outset will be to invite your special attention to a few questions only, and in order to make the most of our time and concentrate the discussion as much as possible I propose to take each division separately. The subject, viewed as a whole, is so far-reaching and practical as to possess uncommon interest, for it links together medicine and psychological medicine, it gives an open field of discussion to general medicine, obstetrics, and psychology, and it views insanity on its less speculative side, because the more materialistic functions are brought out in strong relief, and sometimes even overshadow the characters of mental disease.

Toxæmia in the Etiology of Mental Disease. a Discussion opened

1902 ◽  
Vol 48 (202) ◽  
pp. 434-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. Clouston
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Cell ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
The Other ◽  
British Association ◽  
Younger Men ◽  
Full Knowledge ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Do So

Dr. Clouston said that when he suggested toxæmia to the secretary as a suitable subject for a discussion at this meeting he had not intended to be the first speaker, because his object was to bring out more fully the views of the younger members who had recently committed themselves so strongly to the toxæmic and bacterial etiology of insanity, and so to get light thrown on some of the difficulties which he and others had felt in applying this theory to many of their cases in practice. It was not that he did not believe in the toxic theory as explaining the onset of many cases, or that he under-rated its importance, but that he could not see how it applied so universally or generally as some of the modern pathological school were now inclined to insist on. He knew that it was difficult for those of the older psychological and clinical school to approach the subject with that full knowledge of recent bacteriological and pathological doctrine which the younger men possessed, or to breathe that all-pervading pathological atmosphere which they seemed to inhale. He desired to conduct this discussion in an absolutely non-controversial and purely scientific spirit. To do so he thought it best to put his facts, objections, and difficulties in a series of propositions which could be answered and explained by the other side. He thought it important to define toxæmia, but should be willing to accept Dr. Ford Robertson's definition of toxines, viz., “Substances which are taken up by the (cortical nerve) cell and then disorder its metabolism.” He took the following extracts from his address at the Cheltenham meeting of the British Association (1) as representing Dr. Ford Robertson's views and the general trend of much investigation and hypothesis on the Continent.

scholarly journals Analysis of Accessibility to Family Health Centers in Antalya Using GIS

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 (sp) ◽  
pp. 2442-2448
Author(s):  
Orhun Soydan
Keyword(s):  
Social Ties ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Walking Distance ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Physical Features ◽  
First Time

Family health centers in Turkey started to be implemented for the first time in Düzce in 2004 years within the scope of Law No. 5258. While determining the physical conditions of the places where family health centers are built, the first item in the regulation is that the building should be easily accessible. This situation shows the importance of the subject in terms of accessibility. While determining the features of the places where FHCs will be made, environmental characteristics are also taken into consideration. Environmental features are effective in determining the FHCs location in different ways. These impacts are divided into two groups: the physical features that pavements, roads and parks can include, and the social, cultural and institutional features of neighborhoods that include local social ties and collective activities. From this point of view, the importance of the location of family health centers relative to roads and houses is understood. The aim of this study is to examine the accessibility of Family Health Centers in Konyaaltı, Antalya, on a neighborhood basis using Geographic Information Systems. Konyaaltı has 21 Family Health Centers. As a result of the analyses, it was determined that most of the neighborhoods had problems in terms of accessibility, while a very few of them did not experience problems in terms of accessibility. In terms of the total number of buildings, the ratio of buildings that are 500 meters walking distance from any family health center by using highways is 35.56%. With these rates, 3,634 of the 10,2018 buildings remain within the limits of the regulation. Finally; suggestions were made to increase accessibility to these areas.

scholarly journals Lunacy, insanity, and the purpose of psychiatry

1990 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 663-665
Author(s):  
Bruce G. Charlton
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Interpersonal Relations ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
Universal Theory ◽  
Psychological Medicine ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

Within psychiatry there are two distinct tendencies. On the one hand there is the tendency for the subject to expand beyond its concern with psychological medicine and encroach upon diverse aspects of society. “The psychiatrist who believes that the phenomena of mental illness can be explained on the basis of a universal theory … finds little difficulty in inflating his theory to explain not only mental disease but also normal human behaviour, interpersonal relations, and ultimately human affairs” (Miller, 1970)

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