The Improvable Imbecile: His Training and Future

1899 ◽  
Vol 45 (188) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
A. R. Douglas
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Unstable Equilibrium ◽  
Patient Instruction ◽  
The Public ◽  
Vast Amount ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Fair Chance

The cause of the Imbecile has for some time past been a plea which has never failed to elicit the practical sympathy of the public; yet much remains to be done before we have fulfilled our obligation to those who are not lunatics, and are capable, under suitable conditions, of being made self-supporting members of the community. As in this paper I intend to deal chiefly with the future of the improvable imbecile, I think that in the first place the statement that such an individual after training is independently capable of earning his own livelihood is as absurd as it is impossible. I shall presently endeavour to show that without supervision little or nothing can be expected from an imbecile, however highly trained and educated he may be; his whole disposition and temperament away from control completely negatives the supposition, and actual cases have proved that, unless under sympathetic and intelligent guidance, the life of the imbecile as far as usefulness is concerned is not only a blank, but that the individual himself is a burden, and in some instances a nuisance to society and his friends. Secondly, there can be no doubt that much of the careful and patient instruction bestowed upon such cases at the educational establishments is wasted, for the simple reason that at the expiration of their term there many improved imbeciles gravitate to conditions totally unsuitable for them, and under which it is almost impossible to expect that the training which they have received will, so to speak, have a fair chance. On completion of their term of training it may be that in some cases the parents are dead, and there are no relations or guardians to look after them; for a large number there is nothing but the workhouse. Again, their imbecile temperament causes others, perhaps in a moment of pique, to abandon the work which has been obtained for them possibly only by a vast amount of trouble, and they thus become a burden to their relatives. A third section are, away from supervision, incurably vicious, and many in the course of their career become gaol-birds and convicts. The imbecile is one who is totally, or in part, bereft of the faculties necessary to enable him to take a successful part in the battle of life, and I think that it may be safely assumed that, in the whirl of this nineteenth century, with its attributes of high pressure and overcrowding in every direction, the imbecile can of himself secure no place. His appearance, his mental and often physical deficiencies, are all dead against him, and his unstable equilibrium, manifested in uncertainty of temper and morals, renders him in many cases quite unfit to be trusted away from proper care and supervision. In fact, it is unjust and unfair to forget this by exposing these individuals to risks by trusting them too far.

scholarly journals P(a)lace of Consumption: Architecture, the Revitalisation of Space through Shopping Mall Design Principles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Zachary Blue
Keyword(s):  
Inner City ◽  
Urban Design ◽  
Design Principles ◽  
Shopping Mall ◽  
Retail Environment ◽  
Urban Fabric ◽  
Business Sustainability ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Individual

<p>Architecture can be regarded as both a product for the retail environment and as a medium which can influence change in contemporary society. Within the context of the retail environment, architecture becomes intrinsically associated with the concepts of business sustainability because of the needs from investors challenging the needs of the public. Business sustainability within the retail environment is concerned with the success of the tenants occupying the investors' assets whilst the architectural sustainability focuses upon the public acceptance of the space that is transformed once being constructed and in the future. Furthermore, the architecture within the retail environment encapsulates the utilisation of space, crime and neglect prevention, retail attractiveness and targeting users through urban design principles. The research identifies the gap between the urban design principles and the individual business success within the inner-city. This thesis explores the coordination of the urban design principles and shopping mall design principles upon the existing urban fabric which is set to revitalise and improve dilapidated areas within the Wellington inner-city. This is to not only improve the retail location, but also the residential environment which is ever increasing. The shopping mall design principles have been integrated into the retail urban fabric and as the research states, shopping mall design is more successful than the individual street retail by improving the productivity of the businesses as well as allowing a higher grade of space to be created with the additional income and mutual design motivation. Although the shopping mall design principles are traditionally implemented upon a single ownership environment and as such allows a decision to be made through a single official, the inner-city is filled with multiple owners upon the one site which adds limitations to the design that can be manipulated. As such, this thesis designs as though the site is organised under a collective, allowing a common goal to be achieved. The important successful shopping mall design principles have been segregated into four clusters; anchors, configuration, interior aesthetic and control. These clusters combined with the common urban design principles allow the individual small business owners to challenge the large-scale retail businesses putting them out of business. Also, national and international urban and shopping mall precedents have been analysed as showing physical representations of the research studied in the literature review. The design being placed upon a dilapidated area within the Wellington inner-city the success of the design case study will determine the future success of the idea migrating into other areas of Wellington's inner-city. The idea that beginning the concept in the worst case scenario would allow the design to act as a catalyst for growth into already established market areas such as Cuba Street and Courtenay Place.</p>

Prison Crowding and the Evolution of Public Policy

1985 ◽  
Vol 478 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOAN MULLEN
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Budget Constraints ◽  
The Public ◽  
Minimum Standards ◽  
Eighth Amendment ◽  
The Future ◽  
American Prison

While crowding has been a persistent feature of the American prison since its invention in the nineteenth century, the last decade of crisis has brought more outspoken media investigations of prison conditions, higher levels of political and managerial turmoil, and a judiciary increasingly willing to bring the conditions of confinement under the scope of Eighth Amendment review. With the added incentive of severe budget constraints, liberals and conservatives alike now question whether this is any way to do business. Although crowding cannot be defined by quantitative measures alone, many institutions have far exceeded their limits of density according to minimum standards promulgated by the corrections profession. Some fall far below any reasonable standard of human decency. The results are costly, dangerous, and offensive to the public interest. Breaking the cycle of recurrent crisis requires considered efforts to address the decentralized, discretionary nature of sentence decision making and to link sentencing policies to the resources available to the corrections function. The demand to match policy with resources is simply a call for more rational policymaking. To ask for less is to allow the future of corrections to resemble its troubled past.

The Future of the Human Sciences

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-117
Author(s):  
Ivan Jablonka
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Graphic Novels ◽  
Cognitive Tools ◽  
Human Sciences ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Current Crisis ◽  
The Public ◽  
History And Literature ◽  
The Future

Amid the current crisis in the humanities and the human sciences, researchers should take up the challenge of writing more effectively. Rather than clinging to forms inherited from the nineteenth century, they should invent new ways to captivate readers, while also providing better demonstrations of their research. Defining problems, drawing on a multitude of sources, carrying out investigations, taking journeys in time and space: these methods of inquiry are as much literary opportunities as cognitive tools. They invite experimentation in writing across disciplines, trying out different lines of reasoning, shuttling back and forth between past and present, describing the process of discovery, and using the narrative “I.” We can address the public creatively, decompartmentalize disciplines, and encourage encounters between history and literature, sociology and cinema, anthropology and graphic novels—all without compromising intellectual rigor. Now more than ever, the human sciences need to assert their place in the polis.

Conclusion

2019 ◽  
pp. 242-248
Author(s):  
Joshua Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Religious Belief ◽  
Religious History ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Individual

The conclusion stands back from the themes of the individual chapters, to reflect on the wider tensions at work within the Victorians’ reliance upon history as their preferred approach for resolving contentious questions. It became very common for nineteenth-century commentators to regard the movements of history as recording the progressive Christianization of civilization, and as confirming Christian claims. But Mark Pattison hinted at a disturbing possibility when he argued that historical law determined the thought of successive ages, without itself guaranteeing the truth of any one system of religious belief. Progressive understandings of religious history helped Victorians to enter their own kind of modernity; and secularization was not the future most anticipated. Yet they struggled to realize their widespread conviction that historical study would ultimately yield a stable and commonly agreed religious foundation for society, which would prove capable of decisively repelling unbelief.

Between Americanism and Modernism: John Zahm and Theistic Evolution

1987 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 474-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Scott Appleby
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Public Debate ◽  
The Public ◽  
University Of Notre Dame ◽  
The Individual ◽  
American Catholic ◽  
The University ◽  
Remarkable Advance ◽  
Special Creation

“Romanism and Evolution. Remarkable Advance. No Special Creation.” “Father Zahm on the Six Days of Creation.” “Father Zahm on Inspiration.” “Father Zahm Honored with a Private Audience by His Holiness.”1 During the final decade of the nineteenth century religious periodicals and secular newspapers alike chronicled the growing fascination of the American Catholic community with the public debate over the latest theories regarding the evolution of species. One figure in particular, John Augustine Zahm, a Holy Cross priest and professor of chemistry and physics in the University of Notre Dame, captured many of the headlines and captivated Catholic audiences with his sophisticated, clear expositions of the various theories in the post-Darwinian controversies and with his repeated assurances that the idea of evolution, properly understood, posed no obstacle to the faith of the individual Catholic.

scholarly journals The Basis for Exemption from Criminal Responsibility

2018 ◽  
pp. 161-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. V. Blagov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Main Body ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Criminal Legislation

The article considers the reason, adequate cause, justifying exemption from criminal responsibility. In the criminal law literature there are numerous decisions on this issue, but their main body alone can not explain why a person is exempted from criminal responsibility. The author concludes that the basis for such liberation must be sought in the personality of the culprit. Under current criminal legislation, justifying the exemption from criminal responsibility can only be elimination or significant reduction in the public danger of the person who committed the crime. In the future, it is necessary to formulate the relevant provisions of the criminal law so that the basis for this exemption is only elimination of the public danger caused by the individual. Accordingly, Art. 76. 2 and part 1 of Art. 90 are subject to exclusion from the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and, on the contrary, inclusion in the chapter on the exemption from criminal responsibility of the relevant provisions of Art. 80.1 and part 1 of Art. 81 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

scholarly journals P(a)lace of Consumption: Architecture, the Revitalisation of Space through Shopping Mall Design Principles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Zachary Blue
Keyword(s):  
Inner City ◽  
Urban Design ◽  
Design Principles ◽  
Shopping Mall ◽  
Retail Environment ◽  
Urban Fabric ◽  
Business Sustainability ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Individual

<p>Architecture can be regarded as both a product for the retail environment and as a medium which can influence change in contemporary society. Within the context of the retail environment, architecture becomes intrinsically associated with the concepts of business sustainability because of the needs from investors challenging the needs of the public. Business sustainability within the retail environment is concerned with the success of the tenants occupying the investors' assets whilst the architectural sustainability focuses upon the public acceptance of the space that is transformed once being constructed and in the future. Furthermore, the architecture within the retail environment encapsulates the utilisation of space, crime and neglect prevention, retail attractiveness and targeting users through urban design principles. The research identifies the gap between the urban design principles and the individual business success within the inner-city. This thesis explores the coordination of the urban design principles and shopping mall design principles upon the existing urban fabric which is set to revitalise and improve dilapidated areas within the Wellington inner-city. This is to not only improve the retail location, but also the residential environment which is ever increasing. The shopping mall design principles have been integrated into the retail urban fabric and as the research states, shopping mall design is more successful than the individual street retail by improving the productivity of the businesses as well as allowing a higher grade of space to be created with the additional income and mutual design motivation. Although the shopping mall design principles are traditionally implemented upon a single ownership environment and as such allows a decision to be made through a single official, the inner-city is filled with multiple owners upon the one site which adds limitations to the design that can be manipulated. As such, this thesis designs as though the site is organised under a collective, allowing a common goal to be achieved. The important successful shopping mall design principles have been segregated into four clusters; anchors, configuration, interior aesthetic and control. These clusters combined with the common urban design principles allow the individual small business owners to challenge the large-scale retail businesses putting them out of business. Also, national and international urban and shopping mall precedents have been analysed as showing physical representations of the research studied in the literature review. The design being placed upon a dilapidated area within the Wellington inner-city the success of the design case study will determine the future success of the idea migrating into other areas of Wellington's inner-city. The idea that beginning the concept in the worst case scenario would allow the design to act as a catalyst for growth into already established market areas such as Cuba Street and Courtenay Place.</p>

Before Pearl Harbor

2021 ◽  
pp. 23-63
Author(s):  
Robert L. McLaughlin ◽  
Sally E. Parry
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
The State ◽  
Pearl Harbor ◽  
The Public ◽  
World Crisis ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Key Largo

A range of deeply held convictions and loudly proclaimed opinions was reflected in the New York theater in the years before Pearl Harbor. Between 1933 and 1941 New York theatergoers saw plays representing multifarious positions, from pacifism and anti-intervention to critiques of fascism. This variety represents the public discourses of the time, a time of confusion and uncertainty, when there was no single way of understanding the problems facing us and no clear path through the problems into the future. Some plays, such as Robert E. Sherwood's Idiot's Delight, Lillian's Hellman's Watch on the Rhine, Robert Ardrey's Thunder R ock, and Maxwell Anderson's Key Largo, used the world crisis as a means of considering the state of the nation during great economic upheaval or the state of the individual as the world teetered toward a war that seemed inevitable.

Emotion Concepts

2019 ◽  
pp. 45-70
Author(s):  
Margrit Pernau
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Third ◽  
Poetic Imagery ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Emotion Concepts ◽  
Aristotelian Tradition

Chapter 3 explores the development of emotion concepts, investigating how actors at different times drew the boundaries that defined emotions and distinguished them from non-emotions. It argues that concepts that were centered on notions of equilibrium and balance were transformed into concepts which emphasized and even celebrated the elementary power of emotions and their capacity to overwhelm the individual. This development went hand in hand with the integration of some elements of the Sufi knowledge and poetic imagery of emotions into the public discourse. The first section looks at ethical texts, which drew on the Aristotelian tradition in its Persianate shape. This genre had a long history, but was reframed considerably in the nineteenth century. The second section focuses on the Sufi tradition, while the third takes up the relatively new genre of journal articles, mainly from Tahzib ul Akhlaq, the flagship journal of the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College in Aligarh.

Heroism, Heroics and the Making of Heroes: The Anglo-Zulu War of 1879

1998 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Lieven
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Essential Characteristic ◽  
The Public ◽  
Personal Quality ◽  
National Community ◽  
Victorian Period ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Northrop Frye

In recent years a number of studies have examined the function of heroic narratives in the propaganda of empire and the construction of “Britishness.” Graham Dawson has argued that such narratives “became myths of nationhood itself providing a cultural focus around which the national community could cohere.” In the light of the nineteenth-century chivalric ideal, the Victorian military hero was expected to be “the embodiment of the virtues of bravery, loyalty, courtesy, generosity, modesty, purity, and compassion, and endowed with an indelible sense of noblesse oblige towards women, children and social inferiors.” The English and upper-class image of the “British” hero served, among other things, to inculcate these supposedly English characteristics in the Irish, Scottish, and Welsh. Courage was taken for granted as the essential characteristic of British imperial officers in the Victorian period but, while courage is a personal quality and is not in itself a quality belonging to the public domain, heroism is, by contrast, something definitionally public. The courageous man becomes a hero only when he is declared to be one. The roots of the hero are in dramatic narrative, which spans the epic myth and the reality of war. The hero is “made” whether in a dramatic fiction or in the representation of events, though the latter produces the problem of molding reality to the requirements of the genre. Military heroes in the genre of the imperial adventure story and in the representation of “real” events are hardly distinguishable, for they are “made” to serve the same purposes. The hero is part of a story and, as Northrop Frye has argued, that story or langue has certain generic features throughout history. On the other hand, though the hero is made, the individual can, and often did, prepare and present himself for the role.

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