scholarly journals Size of hippocampal pyramidal neurons in schizophrenia

2003 ◽  
Vol 183 (5) ◽  
pp. 414-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Highley ◽  
M. A. Walker ◽  
B. McDonald ◽  
T. J. Crow ◽  
M. M. Esiri
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Hippocampal Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Hippocampal Cell ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Neuron Size ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Meta Analyses

BackgroundMeta-analyses of hippocampal size have indicated that this structure is smaller in schizophrenia. This could reflect a reduction in the size of constituent neurons or a reduced number of neurons.AimsTo measure the size of hippocampal pyramidal neurons in the brains of people with and without schizophrenia.MethodPyramidal neuron size in hippocampal subfields was estimated stereologically from sections taken at 5 mm intervals throughout the whole length of right and left hippocampi from the brains of 13 people with schizophrenia and 16 controls. Results were assessed using repeated-measures analysis of covariance looking for a main effect of diagnosis and gender, and interactions of these with side.ResultsWe were unable to detect significant differences related to diagnosis, gender or side for any hippocampal subfield for this series of cases.ConclusionsFor this series of brains, hippocampal cell size is unchanged in schizophrenia.

scholarly journals Influence of Eating Schedule on the Postprandial Response: Gender Differences

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcela Masihy ◽  
Hugo Monrroy ◽  
Giulio Borghi ◽  
Teodora Pribic ◽  
Carmen Galan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Sensory Experience ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Postprandial Response ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Schedule Effect

Ingestion of a meal induces conscious sensations depending of the characteristics of the meal and the predisposition of the eater. We hypothesized that the eating schedule plays a conditioning role, specifically, that an extemporaneous meal is less rewarding than when eaten at the habitual schedule. We conducted a randomized parallel trial in 10 women and 10 men comparing the responses to a consistent savoury lunch-type meal (stewed beans) eaten at the habitual afternoon schedule or at an unconventional time in the morning. Schedule and gender differences were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of covariance. In women, the sensory experience induced by the probe meal, particularly postprandial satisfaction, was weaker when eaten at an unconventional time for breakfast. Men were resilient to the schedule effect and experienced the same sensations regardless of the timing of ingestion; the effect of the eating schedule was significantly more pronounced in women for fullness (F(1,55) = 14.9; p < 0.001), digestive well-being (F(1,36.8) = 22.3; p < 0.001), mood (F(1,12.4) = 13.8; p < 0.001), and anxiety (F(1,11.9) = 10.9; p = 0.001). No differences in the physiological responses induced by the afternoon and morning meals were detected either in women or men. Our data indicate that women are more susceptible to changes in meal schedule than men.

scholarly journals Statistical analysis of two arm randomized pre-post designs with one post-treatment measurement

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Wan
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Effect ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Informed Choice ◽  
Clinical Effectiveness ◽  
Change Score ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Comparable Performance

Abstract Background Randomized pre-post designs, with outcomes measured at baseline and after treatment, have been commonly used to compare the clinical effectiveness of two competing treatments. There are vast, but often conflicting, amount of information in current literature about the best analytic methods for pre-post designs. It is challenging for applied researchers to make an informed choice. Methods We discuss six methods commonly used in literature: one way analysis of variance (“ANOVA”), analysis of covariance main effect and interaction models on the post-treatment score (“ANCOVAI” and “ANCOVAII”), ANOVA on the change score between the baseline and post-treatment scores (“ANOVA-Change”), repeated measures (“RM”) and constrained repeated measures (“cRM”) models on the baseline and post-treatment scores as joint outcomes. We review a number of study endpoints in randomized pre-post designs and identify the mean difference in the post-treatment score as the common treatment effect that all six methods target. We delineate the underlying differences and connections between these competing methods in homogeneous and heterogeneous study populations. Results ANCOVA and cRM outperform other alternative methods because their treatment effect estimators have the smallest variances. cRM has comparable performance to ANCOVAI in the homogeneous scenario and to ANCOVAII in the heterogeneous scenario. In spite of that, ANCOVA has several advantages over cRM: i) the baseline score is adjusted as covariate because it is not an outcome by definition; ii) it is very convenient to incorporate other baseline variables and easy to handle complex heteroscedasticity patterns in a linear regression framework. Conclusions ANCOVA is a simple and the most efficient approach for analyzing pre-post randomized designs.

scholarly journals No Self Without Salience: Affective and Self-relevance Ratings of 552 Emotionally Valenced and Neutral Dutch Words

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lora I. Dimitrova ◽  
Eline M. Vissia ◽  
Hanneke Geugies ◽  
Hedwig Hofstetter ◽  
Sima Chalavi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Emotional Salience ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractIt is unknown how self-relevance is dependent on emotional salience. Emotional salience encompasses an individual's degree of attraction or aversion to emotionally-valenced information. The current study investigated the interconnection between self and salience through the evaluation of emotional valence and self-relevance. 56 native Dutch participants completed a questionnaire assessing valence, intensity, and self-relevance of 552 Dutch nouns and verbs. One-way repeated-measures ANCOVA investigated the relationship between valence and self, age and gender. Repeated-measures ANCOVA also tested the relationship between valence and self with intensity ratings and effects of gender and age. Results showed a significant main effect of valence for self-relevant words. Intensity analyses showed a main effect of valence but not of self-relevance. There were no significant effects of gender and age. The most important finding presents that self-relevance is dependent on valence. These findings concerning the relationship between self and salience opens avenues to study an individual's self-definition.

Effects of Vaporized Perfluorocarbon on Pulmonary Blood Flow and Ventilation/Perfusion Distribution in a Model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

2001 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 1414-1421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Hübler ◽  
Jennifer E. Souders ◽  
Erin D. Shade ◽  
Nayak L. Polissar ◽  
Carmel Schimmel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Lung Injury ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Pulmonary Blood Flow ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Inert Gas ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis

Background Perfluorocarbon (PFC) liquids are known to improve gas exchange and pulmonary function in various models of acute respiratory failure. Vaporization has been recently reported as a new method of delivering PFC to the lung. Our aim was to study the effect of PFC vapor on the ventilation/perfusion (VA/Q) matching and relative pulmonary blood flow (Qrel) distribution. Methods In nine sheep, lung injury was induced using oleic acid. Four sheep were treated with vaporized perfluorohexane (PFX) for 30 min, whereas the remaining sheep served as control animals. Vaporization was achieved using a modified isoflurane vaporizer. The animals were studied for 90 min after vaporization. VA/Q distributions were estimated using the multiple inert gas elimination technique. Change in Qrel distribution was assessed using fluorescent-labeled microspheres. Results Treatment with PFX vapor improved oxygenation significantly and led to significantly lower shunt values (P &lt; 0.05, repeated-measures analysis of covariance). Analysis of the multiple inert gas elimination technique data showed that animals treated with PFX vapor demonstrated a higher VA/Q heterogeneity than the control animals (P &lt; 0.05, repeated-measures analysis of covariance). Microsphere data showed a redistribution of Qrel attributable to oleic acid injury. Qrel shifted from areas that were initially high-flow to areas that were initially low-flow, with no difference in redistribution between the groups. After established injury, Qrel was redistributed to the nondependent lung areas in control animals, whereas Qrel distribution did not change in treatment animals. Conclusion In oleic acid lung injury, treatment with PFX vapor improves gas exchange by increasing VA/Q heterogeneity in the whole lung without a significant change in gravitational gradient.

Transdermal delivery of carnosine into equine skeletal muscle

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
B.P. Dieter ◽  
C.J. Macias ◽  
T.J. Sharpe ◽  
B. Roberts ◽  
M. Wille ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Transdermal Delivery ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Muscle Metabolism ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Thoroughbred Racehorses ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Main Effects

The dipeptide carnosine consists of β-alanine and L-histidine. It plays a major role in skeletal muscle metabolism, especially as an intracellular buffer and antioxidant. Increasing intramuscular carnosine has been shown to improve recovery from exercise and increase anaerobic threshold and time-to-exhaustion. Dietary supplementation with carnosine does not effectively increase intramuscular carnosine due to the presence of carnosinase in the blood. However, an effective transdermal delivery process could expediently increase intramuscular concentrations of carnosine. This study’s objective was to examine the efficacy of a transdermal system for delivering carnosine into the skeletal muscle of horses, using a randomised, placebo controlled, crossover study. Carnosine plus a proprietary transdermal delivery agent or the agent alone (placebo) were applied to the middle gluteal muscles of 10 Thoroughbred racehorses, and muscle biopsies were taken before and 30, 60, and 120 min after application. Muscle carnosine concentration was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A two-way repeated measures analysis of variance was used to test for the main effects of time and treatment (placebo or carnosine) as well as an interaction between time and treatment. Independent F-tests examined the change in intramuscular carnosine levels from baseline to each time point (30, 60, and 120 min). There was a significant main effect of treatment (P=0.004), no significant main effect for time (P=0.18), and a non-significant interaction of treatment with time (P=0.08). Mean intramuscular carnosine concentrations increased from baseline to 120 min. Compared to concentrations following placebo application, carnosine was greater by ~35% at 30 min (P=0.002) and ~46% after 60 min (P=0.044), but not at 120 min (P=0.20). The results indicated that intramuscular carnosine can be increased using a transdermal delivery system within 60 min of application which could have important implications for the health of horses, and their capacity to perform and recover from physical activity.

Environmental Information Required by Individuals with Visual Impairments Who Use Orientation and Mobility Aids to Navigate Campuses

2020 ◽  
Vol 114 (4) ◽  
pp. 263-276
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Papadopoulos ◽  
Konstantinos Charitakis ◽  
Eleni Koustriava ◽  
Georgios Kouroupetroglou ◽  
Rainer Stiefelhagen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Visual Impairments ◽  
Environmental Information ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Mobility Aids ◽  
Orientation And Mobility ◽  
Information Safety ◽  
Convenience Sampling ◽  
Tactile Maps

Introduction: This study investigated the user requirements of individuals with visual impairments regarding the information to be included in orientation and mobility (O&M) aids in order for optimally useful audio-tactile maps of campuses to be developed. In addition, this study aimed at investigating the importance (usefulness) that individuals with visual impairments attribute to environmental information of campuses. Methods: The researchers listed 213 pieces of environmental information concerning campuses and address them in survey by conducting a respective questionnaire. Participants were asked to evaluate the information, regarding the importance or usefulness of the information in regard to safety, location of services, and orientation and wayfinding during movement. Through convenience sampling 115 adults (aged from 18 to 64 years) with visual impairments from four countries (Greece, Cyprus, Turkey, and Germany) took part in the research. Results: Pieces of environmental information, sorted in descending order starting with the most useful ones, have been listed. A repeated measures analysis of variance yielded a significant main effect for the type of information (safety, location of services, and wayfinding and orientation): F(2, 228) = 70.868, p < .001. Discussion: This study resulted in the specification of the most significant or useful information that should be included in O&M aids of campuses for individuals with visual impairments. Implications for practitioners: The results of this study will hold the interest of developers of O&M aids, O&M practitioners, rehabilitation teachers, and instructors who design and construct O&M aids. Moreover, the context for appropriately designed tactile or audio-tactile maps for campuses is provided, and campuses around the world could rely on this study for the creation of a valuable accessibility aid.

Aerobic Fitness and Emotional Arousal: A Critical Attempt at Replication

1981 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 911-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey D. Zimmerman ◽  
Margaret Fulton
Keyword(s):  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Psychosocial Stress ◽  
Electrodermal Activity ◽  
Heart Rate Recovery ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Two Indices ◽  
Statistical Results

This study was an attempt to replicate the findings of earlier research in which conclusions were based on a questionable interpretation of statistical results. A 2 × 2 repeated-measures analysis of covariance did not confirm, as had been previously reported, greater heart-rate recovery for 20 aerobically fit subjects as opposed to 20 unfit subjects following psychosocial stress. Two indices of electrodermal activity and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory responses also were utilized. Only the comparison between groups for Trait Anxiety was statistically significant.

Female sex hormones in men with migraine

Neurology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. e374-e381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willebrordus P.J. van Oosterhout ◽  
Guus G. Schoonman ◽  
Erik W. van Zwet ◽  
Olaf M. Dekkers ◽  
Gisela M. Terwindt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Free Testosterone ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Androgen Deficiency ◽  
Female Sex Hormones ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
17Β Estradiol ◽  
Migraine Group ◽  
Aging Males Symptoms

ObjectiveTo assess the role of estradiol and testosterone in men with migraine.MethodsWe measured 17β-estradiol (E2) and calculated free testosterone (Tf) in serum of 17 medication-free men with migraine and 22 men without migraine group-matched for age and body mass index (BMI), targeted at 20 to 28 kg/m2. Blood was sampled on a single, for migraineurs interictal, day at 9 am, 12 pm, 3 pm, and 6 pm. Migraineurs were subsequently measured 3 to 4 times daily until an attack occurred. Clinical androgen deficiency was assessed with the Androgen Deficiency of Ageing Men questionnaire and the Aging Males' Symptoms (AMS) scale. We analyzed interictal data (mean ± standard error) with repeated-measures analysis of covariance and longitudinal data by generalized estimated equations models.ResultsCompared to controls, men with migraine had a lower interictal Tf/E2 ratio (3.9 ± 0.4 vs 5.0 ± 0.3, p = 0.03) due to higher E2 (96.8 ± 6.1 vs 69.1 ± 5.6 pmol/L, p = 0.001) and similar Tf (357.5 ± 21.4 vs 332.6 ± 18.7 pmol/L, p = 0.35) levels. Preictal Tf levels were increased in men with migraine reporting premonitory symptoms (p = 0.03). Men with migraine more frequently reported symptoms of androgen deficiency (11 of 18 [61.1%] vs 6 of 22 [27.3%], p = 0.031), which were also more frequently severe (p = 0.006); their age- and BMI-adjusted AMS scores were higher (27.0 ± 1.2 vs 21.0 ± 1.0, p = 0.002).ConclusionsIn this study, nonobese men with migraine exhibited increased levels of the sex hormone estradiol and showed clinical evidence of relative androgen deficiency. The role of estradiol in modulating migraine susceptibility and activity in men deserves further investigations.

Effect of Implant Design on Initial Stability of Tapered Implants

2009 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 130-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linus Chong ◽  
Ahmed Khocht ◽  
Jon B. Suzuki ◽  
John Gaughan
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Primary Stability ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Implant Design ◽  
Insertion Depth ◽  
Weak Association ◽  
Initial Stability ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Strength Of Association

Abstract Implant design is one of the parameters for achieving successful primary stability. This study aims to examine the effect of a self-tapping blades implant design on initial stability in tapered implants. Polyurethane blocks of different densities were used to simulate different bone densities. The two different implant designs included one with self-tapping blades and one without self-tapping blades. Implants were placed at 3 different depths: apical third, middle third, and fully inserted at 3 different densities of polyurethane blocks. A resonance frequency (RF) analyzer was then used to measure stability of the implants. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to examine the effect of implant design, insertion depth, and block density on RF. Analysis of covariance was used to examine the strength of association between RF and the aforementioned factors. In both medium-density (P = .017) and high-density (P = .002) blocks, fully inserted non-self-tapping implants showed higher initial stability than self-tapping implants. No differences were noted between the 2 implant designs that were not fully inserted. The highest strength of association was with insertion depth (standardized beta [std β] = −0.60, P = .0001), followed by block density (std β = −0.15, P = .0002). Implant design showed a weak association (std β = −0.07, P = .09). In conclusion, fully inserted implants without self-tapping blades have higher initial stability than implants with self-tapping blades. However, the association strength between implant design and initial stability is less relevant than other factors, such as insertion depth and block density. Thus, if bone quality and quantity are optimal, they may compensate for design inadequacy.

Influence of Movement Activities on Shape Recognition and Retention

1979 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-118
Author(s):  
Carl P. Gabbard ◽  
Charles H. Shea
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Shape Recognition ◽  
Traditional Classroom ◽  
Assessment Instrument ◽  
Form Perception ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Movement Activities ◽  
Group 1

Three groups of 4-yr.-old children were asked to complete a form perception assessment instrument prior to, 1 hr. after, and 1 wk. following a treatment. Group 1 participated in a movement-based form perception program, while Group 2 was instructed using a traditional classroom method. A third group which acted as control participated in unrelated movement activities. A repeated-measures analysis of variance gave a main effect of tests and an interaction of groups × tests. Group 2 displayed significantly higher performance on the posttest than Group 1; however, after 7 wk. the performance of Group 2 had decreased to a level below that of Groups 1 and 3, which remained stable.

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