Associations between premorbid intellectual performance, early-life exposures and early-onset schizophrenia

David Gunnell; Glynn Harrison; Finn Rasmussen; Dimitris Fouskakis; Per Tynelius

doi:10.1192/bjp.181.4.298

Associations between premorbid intellectual performance, early-life exposures and early-onset schizophrenia

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.181.4.298 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 181 (4) ◽

pp. 298-305 ◽

Cited By ~ 77

Author(s):

David Gunnell ◽

Glynn Harrison ◽

Finn Rasmussen ◽

Dimitris Fouskakis ◽

Per Tynelius

Keyword(s):

Early Onset ◽

Intellectual Development ◽

Parental Education ◽

Complete Data ◽

Intellectual Performance ◽

Affective Psychoses ◽

Admission Data ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Early Life Exposures

BackgroundImpaired intellectual performance is associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia.AimsTo investigate whether this association is due to the influence of prenatal and early childhood exposures on both intellectual development and the risk of schizophrenia.MethodCohort of 197 613 Swedish male conscripts with linked birth, census and hospital admission data together with five measures of verbal and non-verbal intellectual performance recorded at conscription. Results 109 643 subjects had complete data; over a mean 5-year follow-up, 60 developed schizophrenia and 92 developed other non-affective psychoses. Poor scores for each of the five tests were associated with 3-to 14-fold increased risk of psychosis, particularly schizophrenia. Controlling for birth-related exposures, including birth weight, and parental education did not attenuate these associations.Results109 643 subjects had complete data; over amean 5-year follow-up,60 developed schizophrenia and 92 developed other non-affective psychoses. Poor scores for each of the five testswere associatedwith 3-to 14-foldincreasedrisk of psychosis, particularly schizophrenia. Controlling for birth-related exposures, including birthweight, and parental education didnot attenuate these associations.ConclusionsPoor intellectual performance at 18 years of age is associated with early-onset psychotic disorder. Associations do not appear to be confounded by prenatal adversity or childhood circumstances, as indexed by parental education.

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Atrial Fibrillation Increases the Risk of Early-Onset Dementia in the General Population: Data from a Population-Based Cohort

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm9113665 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 3665

Author(s):

Dongmin Kim ◽

Pil-Sung Yang ◽

Gregory Y.H. Lip ◽

Boyoung Joung

Keyword(s):

Atrial Fibrillation ◽

Early Onset ◽

Late Onset ◽

Population Data ◽

The Elderly ◽

Population Based ◽

Early Onset Dementia ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Late Onset Dementia

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is considered a risk factor for dementia, especially in the elderly. However, the association between the two diseases is not well identified in different age subgroups. The association of incident AF with the development of dementia was assessed from 1 January 2005, to 31 December 2013, in 428,262 participants from a longitudinal cohort (the Korea National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening cohort). In total, 10,983 participants were diagnosed with incident AF during the follow-up period. The incidence of dementia was 11.3 and 3.0 per 1000 person-years in the incident-AF and without-AF groups, respectively. After adjustment for clinical variables, the risk of dementia was significantly elevated by incident AF, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.98 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.80–2.17, p < 0.001), even after censoring for stroke (HR: 1.74, 95% CI: 1.55–1.94, p < 0.001). The HRs of incident AF for dementia onset before the age of 65 (early-onset dementia) and for onset after the age of 65 (late-onset dementia) were 2.91 (95% CI: 1.93–4.41) and 1.67 (95% CI: 1.49–1.87), respectively. Younger participants with AF were more prone to dementia development than older participants with AF (p for trend < 0.001). AF was associated with an increased risk of both early- and late-onset dementia, independent of clinical stroke.

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Clinicopathologic Characterization of Early Onset Endoscopically Unresectable Adenomas (EOEUAs)

American Journal of Clinical Pathology ◽

10.1093/ajcp/aqz113.044 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 152 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S55-S55

Author(s):

Rayan Saade ◽

Zhiyan Fu ◽

Hwajeong Lee

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Alcohol Consumption ◽

Early Onset ◽

Age Group ◽

Exact Test ◽

Pathologic Features ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

Pathology Reports

Abstract Objectives Early onset colorectal carcinoma (CRC), defined as CRC detected in patients ≤50 years old, are frequently located in the distal colorectum and are associated with risk factors that are common to adenoma. We examined the risk factors, pathologic features, and clinical implications associated with EOEUA. Methods A retrospective cohort of 154 patients with EOEUA was retrieved. Clinical data were obtained from electronic medical records. A minimum of 12 months follow-up was considered valid follow-up data. Archived pathology slides were evaluated for the presence of high-grade dysplasia (HGD) and Paneth cells (PCs) in adenomatous crypts. Additional pathologic data were retrieved from pathology reports. The patients were stratified into age >50 vs ≤50 years. Fisher’s exact test and Student t test were performed when indicated (P < .05 was considered statistically significant). Results In the ≤50-year group, EOEUAs were common in the rectosigmoid colon compared to >50-year group (41.2% vs 16.8%; P = .025). The association with diabetes, obesity, and alcohol consumption was similar in the two groups, whereas the incidences of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and smoking were significantly lower in the ≤50-year group. No significant differences in gender distribution, adenoma size, HGD, PC presence, and future adenoma burden were observed between the two groups. Conclusion The association with established risk factors of adenoma to include diabetes, obesity, and alcohol consumption in EOEUA is comparable to that of older patients. In contrast, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and smoking do not appear to be associated with an increased risk of endoscopically unresectable adenoma in this age group. Similar to early onset CRC, EOEUAs are common in the rectosigmoid, supporting the premise that flexible sigmoidoscopy may be a viable screening alternative in this age group, especially for patients with diabetes, obesity, or alcohol history.

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Population Attributable Fraction of Early Age of Onset of Alcohol Use in Alcohol Abuse and Dependence: A 3-Year Follow-Up Study in University Students

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17062159 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (6) ◽

pp. 2159 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Francisco Caamano-Isorna ◽

Amy Adkins ◽

Fazil Aliev ◽

Lucía Moure-Rodríguez ◽

Danielle M. Dick

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Sexual Orientation ◽

Alcohol Use ◽

Alcohol Abuse ◽

Early Onset ◽

Age Of Onset ◽

Full Time ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Alcohol Abuse And Dependence

Background: we aimed to determine the risk factors and associated population attributable fractions (PAFs) for the age of onset of alcohol use and also to identify protective factors. Methods: we analyzed follow-up data collected between autumn 2011 and spring 2016 (n = 5170) from the first two cohorts (2011, 2012) of the Spit for ScienceTM project. The dependent variables were alcohol abuse and dependence, and the independent variables were age of drinking onset, residence, ethnicity, religiosity, sexual orientation and work status. We determined the odds ratios (OR) using multilevel logistic regression for repeated measures in SPSSv.20. Results: the early onset of alcohol use was associated with an increased risk of alcohol abuse and dependence among females (OR = 14.98; OR = 11.83) and males (OR = 7.41; OR = 6.24). The PAFs for the early onset of alcohol use in alcohol abuse and dependence were respectively 80.9% and 71.7% in females and 71.0% and 63.5% in males. Among females, being white (OR = 1.58; OR = 1.51), living off-campus (OR = 1.73; OR = 2.76) and working full-time (OR = 1.69; OR = 1.78) were also risk factors. Strong religious beliefs were found to protect males from alcohol abuse (OR = 0.58), while same-gender sexual orientation increased the risk among females (OR = 2.09). Conclusion: delaying the age of onset by one year would reduce alcohol abuse among young adults.

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S133. DIAGNOSED SPEECH, SCHOLASTIC AND MOTOR DISORDERS AS PREDICTORS FOR NON-AFFECTIVE PSYCHOSES

Schizophrenia Bulletin ◽

10.1093/schbul/sbaa031.199 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 46 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S86-S86

Author(s):

David Gyllenberg ◽

Bianca Arrhenius ◽

Auli Suominen ◽

Andre Sourander

Keyword(s):

Motor Development ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Early Adulthood ◽

Speech Disorders ◽

Motor Disorder ◽

Motor Disorders ◽

Control Cohort ◽

Affective Psychoses ◽

Increased Risk

Abstract Background Premorbid cognitive impairments are associated with schizophrenia, but little is known about the risk of developing psychoses among children with diagnosed speech, scholastic and motor disorders. Our aim was to study if children diagnosed with these are at increased risk of non-affective psychoses in adolescence and early adulthood. Methods We identified all children born 1996–2001 that were diagnosed with a speech disorder (ICD-10 code F80), scholastic disorder (F81), motor disorder (F82) or mixed developmental disorder (F83) before age 15 in outpatient and inpatient specialized services in Finland by using nationwide registers (n=17,038). A control cohort of children without these disorders was identified (n=63,745). The outcome was non-affective psychoses (F20-F29) diagnosed between age 15 years and the end of year 2017 (maximum age at end of follow-up: 16.0–21.9 years). We used Cox regression to study the association between speech, scholastic and motor disorders and psychoses and adjusted for sex, urbanicity and comorbid depression and conduct disorders. Results A total of 216 and 251 subjects were diagnosed with non-affective psychoses during follow-up in the cohort of speech, scholastic and motor disorders and the control-cohort, respectively. The cumulative incidence of psychoses from age 15.0 to 21.9 years was 2.4 % (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.0 - 2.8 %) in the cohort of speech, scholastic and motor disorders compared to 0.8 % (95% CI 0.7 % - 1.0 %) in the control-cohort (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 2.6, 95% CI 2.2 - 3.2). When stratified by a pure or a combination of at least two speech, scholastic and motor disorders, all categories were significantly associated with psychoses with the highest HR for motor disorders (aHR 3.6, 95% CI 2.0 - 6.4), followed by the combination of different speech, scholastic and motor disorders (3.3, 2.4 - 4.4), pure scholastic disorders (2.4, 1.5 - 3.7) and pure speech disorders (1.7, 1.2 - 2.6). Discussion Non-affective psychoses in late adolescence and early adulthood are associated with speech, scholastic and motor disorders diagnosed in childhood, in particular motor development disorders.

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Developmental sensitivity to cannabis use patterns and risk for major depressive disorder in mid-life: findings from 40 years of follow-up

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291717003658 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 48 (13) ◽

pp. 2169-2176 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Tabea Schoeler ◽

Delphine Theobald ◽

Jean-Baptiste Pingault ◽

David P. Farrington ◽

Jeremy W. Coid ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Major Depressive Disorder ◽

Depressive Disorder ◽

Early Onset ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Longitudinal Design ◽

Later Life ◽

Cannabis Use ◽

Major Depressive ◽

Increased Risk

AbstractBackgroundEvidence regarding the association between cannabis use and depression remain conflicting, especially as studies have not typically adopted a longitudinal design with a follow-up period that was long enough to adequately cover the risk period for onset of depression.MethodMales from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development (CSDD) (N = 285) were assessed seven times from age 8 to 48 years to prospectively investigate the association between cannabis use and risk of major depressive disorder (MDD). A combination of multiple analyses (logistic regression, Cox regression, fixed-effects analysis) was employed to explore the strength and direction of effect within different developmental stages.ResultsMultiple regression analyses revealed that early-onset cannabis use (before age 18) but not late-onset cannabis use (after age 27) was associated with a higher risk and shorter time until a subsequent MDD diagnosis. This effect was present in high-frequency [(odds ratio (OR) 8.83, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.29–70.79]; [hazard ratio (HR) 8.69, 95% CI 2.07–36.52)] and low-frequency early-onset users (OR 2.41, 95% CI 1.22–4.76; HR 2.09, 95% CI 1.16–3.74). Effect of increased frequency of cannabis use on increased risk of subsequent MDD was observed only for use during adolescence (age 14–18) but not at later life stages, while controlling for observed and non-unobserved time-invariant factors. Conversely, MDD in adulthood (age 18–32) was linked to a reduction in subsequent cannabis use (age 32–48).ConclusionsThe present findings provide evidence implicating frequent cannabis use during adolescence as a risk factor for later life depression. Future studies should further examine causality of effects in larger samples.

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Cannabis, schizophrenia and other non-affective psychoses: 35 years of follow-up of a population-based cohort

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291711002078 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 42 (6) ◽

pp. 1321-1328 ◽

Cited By ~ 71

Author(s):

E. Manrique-Garcia ◽

S. Zammit ◽

C. Dalman ◽

T. Hemmingsson ◽

S. Andreasson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Psychotic Disorders ◽

Population Based ◽

Cannabis Use ◽

Affective Psychoses ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Increase Risk ◽

The Relationship ◽

Over Time

BackgroundThere is now strong evidence that cannabis use increases the risk of psychoses including schizophrenia, but the relationship between cannabis and different psychotic disorders, as well as the mechanisms, are poorly known. We aimed to assess types of psychotic outcomes after use of cannabis in adolescence and variation in risk over time.MethodA cohort of 50 087 military conscripts with data on cannabis use in late adolescence was followed up during 35 years with regard to in-patient care for psychotic diagnoses.ResultsOdds ratios for psychotic outcomes among frequent cannabis users compared with non-users were 3.7 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.3–5.8] for schizophrenia, 2.2 (95% CI 1.0–4.7) for brief psychosis and 2.0 (95% CI 0.8–4.7) for other non-affective psychoses. Risk of schizophrenia declined over the decades in moderate users but much less so in frequent users. The presence of a brief psychosis did not increase risk of later schizophrenia more in cannabis users compared with non-users.ConclusionsOur results confirm an increased risk of schizophrenia in a long-term perspective, although the risk declined over time in moderate users.

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Prenatal Exposure to the 1957 Influenza Epidemic and Adult Schizophrenia: A Follow-Up Study

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.168.3.368 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 168 (3) ◽

pp. 368-371 ◽

Cited By ~ 73

Author(s):

M. Cannon ◽

D. Cotter ◽

V. P. Coffey ◽

P. C. Sham ◽

N. Takei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Relative Risk ◽

Prenatal Exposure ◽

Population Based ◽

Depressive Illness ◽

Exposed Group ◽

Influenza Epidemic ◽

Follow Up Study ◽

Admission Data ◽

Increased Risk

BackgroundWe investigated the hypothesis that prenatal exposure to the 1957 A2 influenza increases the risk of schizophrenia in adulthood.MethodWe traced a cohort of individuals known to have been exposed to the 1957 influenza epidemic during gestation and an unexposed cohort matched for period of gestation and hospital of birth. Follow-up information on psychiatric illness in subjects was sought from two sources: maternal interview and psychiatric hospital admission data.ResultsFollow-up information was obtained on 54% of the sample: 238 subjects from the influenza-exposed group and 287 subjects from the unexposed group. There was no increased risk of schizophrenia among the exposed cohort compared to the unexposed cohort (relative risk 1.1; 95% CI 0.41–2.95), although there was an increase in depressive illness (relative risk 1.59; 95% CI 1.15–2.19).ConclusionsThe association between prenatal influenza and an increased risk of schizophrenia in adulthood has thus far been found only in population-based data and is not supported by the present observational study which has information about exposure and outcome in individuals.

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