scholarly journals Genes, environment and schizophrenia

2001 ◽  
Vol 178 (S40) ◽  
pp. s18-s24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming T. Tsuang ◽  
William S. Stone ◽  
Stephen V. Faraone
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Adoption Studies ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Model ◽  
Overwhelming Evidence ◽  
Representative Selection ◽  
Chromosomal Loci ◽  
Selection Of

BackgroundData from family, twin and adoption studies show overwhelming evidence of a substantial genetic component in schizophrenia and although molecular genetic studies have been more difficult to replicate, recent improvements in technology have resulted in the implication of genes at several chromosomal loci. Nevertheless, it remains clear that environmental factors both add to and interact with genetic factors to produce the disorder.AimsTo incorporate genetic and environmental risk factors into a neurodevelopmental model in order to conceptualise the liability to schizophrenia.MethodA representative selection of the literature related to this issue is reviewed, together with a reformulation of Meehl's term ‘schizotaxia’ to describe the liability to the disorder.ResultsThe literature supports a multi-factorial view of the liability to schizophrenia, which includes both genetic and environmental components.ConclusionsSchizotaxia provides a useful way to conceptualise both the liability for schizophrenia, and also the development of treatment strategies aimed at the eventual prevention of the illness.

The Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis of Schizophrenia: Genetic Investigations

CNS Spectrums ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 78-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierandrea Muglia ◽  
Fabio Macciardi ◽  
James L. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Adoption Studies ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Neuronal Cell Adhesion Molecule ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Neurotrophin 3 ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis

ABSTRACTTwin, family, and adoption studies indicate that genetic factors play a major role in predisposition to schizophrenia. To date, molecular genetic studies have implicated many different chromosomal locations for the disorder. However, no one site replicates across the majority of investigations. This creates an impasse in the study of schizophrenia genetics, because of the large number of chromosomal sites that require further detailed research. It is difficult to plan to move ahead with expensive and labor-intensive research in an attempt to determine the etiologie genetic factor, when any given site proves to be only weakly positive. Therefore, the use of a hypothesis-driven approach may be cost effective, and may ultimately have more power to detect etiologie genes. Several lines of evidence suggest that a neurodevelopmental defect may play an important role in the etiology of this disorder. Neurodevelopment is a complex process in which genetic and nongenetic factors may interact to create the mature differentiated neuron, with its particular network of synaptic connections. A reasonable chance exists that polymorphisms of the genes that control normal development of the central nervous system (CNS) may produce a slightly altered trajectory of brain development, predisposing individuals to schizophrenia. This assumption has led geneticists to begin to study neurodevelopmental genes in schizophrenia subjects. This article reviews and discusses genetic studies of some developmental genes in schizophrenia. Genetic association and linkage studies of neurotrophic factors (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, or BDNF, and neurotrophin-3, or NT-3), neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), synapsin, and synaptosome-associated protein with a mass of 25 kd (SNAP-25) have proven to be of most interest.

Heritability of Antisocial Behavior

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Kretschmer ◽  
Matt DeLisi
Keyword(s):  
Antisocial Behavior ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Developmental Models ◽  
Quantitative Genetic ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
Study Designs

This chapter reviews important strands of research on the heritability of antisocial behavior and crime, including both quantitative genetic studies using twin or adoption designs as well as molecular genetic approaches. Study designs are introduced and findings discussed. Contemporary avenues including gene-environment interplay and developmental models are presented. Overall it is concluded that a significant amount of variance in antisocial behavior and crime is attributable to genetic factors but conclusive knowledge on involvement of specific genes still absent. We conclude with a discussion of usage of genetic information in the criminal justice system and note future tasks for the field of bio-criminology.

The molecular genetics of schizophrenia: an emerging consensus

2002 ◽  
Vol 4 (14) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen V. Faraone ◽  
Levi Taylor ◽  
Ming Tsuang
Keyword(s):  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Molecular Genetics ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Psychiatric Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Adoption Studies ◽  
Genetic Trait ◽  
Genetic Studies

Schizophrenia is perhaps the most debilitating mental disease and determining the underlying cause has become a challenging area of psychiatric research. It is relatively well established that genes play a role in the aetiology of schizophrenia. In this article, a review of important findings related to schizophrenia as a genetic trait will be provided, including a discussion of family, twin and adoption studies. Molecular genetic studies of specific candidate genes are then reviewed. Some controversies within the literature are examined and possible directions for future research are discussed.

scholarly journals Genomic biotechnology of assessment and selection of linseed breeding material

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 33-36
Author(s):  
V. A. Lemesh ◽  
M. V. Bogdanova ◽  
E. L. Andronyk ◽  
I. A. Golub
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Fatty Acid Desaturase ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Breeding Material ◽  
Linum Usitatissimum L ◽  
Selection Of

Aim. The aim of this study was to develop of genomic biotechnology for the assessment and selection of the linssed breeding material by a complex of genes controlling the ratio of fatty acids in seeds oil to the creation of a new linseed variety. Methods. Breeding studies were combined with molecular-genetic studies. Results. We developed the genomic biotechnology to detect the mutant alleles of linseed fad3A and fad3B genes responsible for reduced α-linolenic acid levels in linseed oil. Using this biotechnology, it was possible to classify plants as homozygous mutant, homozygous wild type, or heterozygous at fad3A and fad3B loci, that can be used to breed new linseed varieties of food or industrial quality. Conclusions. By results of 3-year molecular-genetic and breeding studies the variety "Dar" was created with using the developed genomic biotechnology of an assessment and selection of linseed breeding material by a complex of the genes controlling the ratio of fatty acids in seeds oil.Keywords: linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.), α-linolenic acid, fatty acid desaturase, fad3 genes.

Uintary Psychosis - New Evidences

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
A. Martins ◽  
A. Silva
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Susceptibility Genes ◽  
Emil Kraepelin ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

The idea that schizophrenia and bipolar disorder stand as two distinct entities of mental illness came from German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin in the late 1800s. So began the separation of the diseases that still marks today's psychiatry. However, in practice, it's not always easy to distinguish the two disorders. Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder have a number of symptoms and epidemiological characteristics in common, and both respond to dopamine blockade. Family, twin and molecular genetic studies suggest that the reason for these similarities may be that the two conditions share certain susceptibility genes.The authors present a revision of several articles that reveal new evidences supporting the unitary psychosis theory. This theory has its origins in 1830s with Guislain, Zeller and Griesinger and defends a continuum of mental illness from schizophrenia to bipolar disorder. More recently genetic studies show overlapping of some predisponent genes of both diseases and some imagiological findings are also present in both. The existence of a continuum of mental illness may be useful for new treatment strategies and prognosis.

Genetics of Pediatric Irritability

2019 ◽  
pp. 149-170
Author(s):  
Meridith L. Eastman ◽  
Ashlee A. Moore ◽  
Roxann Roberson-Nay
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Human Studies ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Literature Searches ◽  
Selection Of

This chapter provides an overview of behavioral and molecular genetics of pediatric irritability. Literature searches using PubMed and PsycInfo databases yielded 37 relevant animal and human studies on irritability. Studies of rodent and primate models initially suggested a genetic etiology for the trait and influenced selection of candidate genes for study in human studies. Behavioral genetic studies of irritability suggest that pediatric irritability is likely influenced by additive genetic and nonshared unique environmental factors, with little to no influence of dominant genetic or shared family environmental factors. Molecular genetic studies have been largely limited to candidate genes with a few emerging genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Results from the candidate gene literature on irritability are inconclusive, and GWAS in clinical populations has yielded limited findings. Future genetic studies of irritability would benefit from the use of appropriate phenotypic measures, adequate sample sizes, and multimethod and longitudinal approaches.

Genetic Linkage and Schizophrenia: Methods, Recent Findings and Future Directions

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan J. Mowry ◽  
Douglas F. Levinson
Keyword(s):  
Linkage Analysis ◽  
Genetic Linkage ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Linkage Analysis ◽  
Adoption Studies ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Number Of Genes ◽  
Genetic Techniques ◽  
Mode Of Transmission

Family, twin and adoption studies have shown that familial clustering in schizophrenia is predominantly due to genetic factors. On the basis of segregation analyses of the illness distribution in relatives of patients, various models of the mode of transmission have been put forward but as yet there is no consensus. Linkage analysis based on molecular genetic techniques provides more direct approach to discovering precisely what is inherited (one gene, small number of genes or many genes?) that generates vulnerability to schizophrenia. To date there has been no sufficiently replicated finding of one or more linked genes and many methodological complexities remain. However, the rate of progress in addressing these issues gives hope that genetic linkage analysis of schizophrenia will provide some answers.

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