scholarly journals The Omnipotence of Voices

1994 ◽  
Vol 164 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Chadwick ◽  
Max Birchwood
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Therapy ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
Auditory Hallucinations ◽  
Adaptive Behaviour ◽  
Core Beliefs ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Voice Activity

We offer provisional support for a new cognitive approach to understanding and treating drug-resistant auditory hallucinations in people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Study 1 emphasises the relevance of the cognitive model by detailing the behavioural, cognitive and affective responses to persistent voices in 26 patients, demonstrating that highly disparate relationships with voices - fear, reassurance, engagement and resistance - reflect vital differences in beliefs about the voices. All patients viewed their voices as omnipotent and omniscient. However, beliefs about the voice's identity and meaning led to voices being construed as either ‘benevolent’ or ‘malevolent’. Patients provided cogent reasons (evidence) for these beliefs which were not always linked to voice content; indeed in 31 % of cases beliefs were incongruous with content, as would be anticipated by a cognitive model. Without fail, voices believed to be malevolent provoked fear and were resisted and those perceived as benevolent were courted. However, in the case of imperative voices, the primary influence on whether commands were obeyed was the severity of the command. Study 2 illustrates how these core beliefs about voices may become a new target for treatment. We describe the application of an adapted version of cognitive therapy (CT) to the treatment of four patients' drug-resistant voices. Where patients were on medication, this was held constant while beliefs about the voices' omnipotence, identity, and purpose were systematically disputed and tested. Large and stable reductions in conviction in these beliefs were reported, and these were associated with reduced distress, increased adaptive behaviour, and, unexpectedly, a fall in voice activity. These changes were corroborated by the responsible psychiatrists. Collectively, the cases attest to the promise of CT as a treatment for auditory hallucinations.

Low Self-Esteem: A Cognitive Perspective

1997 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie J. V. Fennell
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Therapy ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Integrated Treatment ◽  
Emotional Disorder ◽  
Core Beliefs ◽  
Treatment Programme ◽  
Cognitive Perspective ◽  
Clinical Populations

Although low self-esteem is common in clinical populations, a cognitive conceptualization of the problem and an integrated treatment programme deriving from that conceptualization are as yet lacking. The paper proposes a cognitive model for low self-esteem, deriving from Beck's model of emotional disorder. It outlines a treatment programme which integrates ideas and methods from cognitive therapy for depression, anxiety and more recent work on schemas or core beliefs. The model and treatment are illustrated with an extended case example.

The Effectiveness of Cognitive Therapy in the Treatment of Non-Psychotic Morbid Jealousy

1996 ◽  
Vol 168 (5) ◽  
pp. 588-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mairead Dolan ◽  
Nagy Bishay
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Therapy ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Delayed Treatment ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
Practical Usefulness ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Treatment Package ◽  
The Stability

BackgroundAlthough a cognitive–behavioural formulation of morbid jealousy has been described there is little empirical research into the practical usefulness of this model. This study evaluated the effectiveness of treating non-psychotic morbid jealousy using a cognitive approach.MethodCognitive–behavioural and emotional measures of jealousy were calibrated by comparison with 40 non-jealous normal controls. These instruments were used as measures of change to assess the effectiveness of cognitive therapy in altering cognitive errors in 30 morbidly jealous out-patient referrals, divided into delayed and immediate treatment subgroups to assess the stability of the condition. Both groups completed all measures immediately before and after treatment, and at follow-up.ResultsThe instruments demonstrated significant differences between jealous and non-jealous subjects on cognitive–behavioural and emotional aspects of jealousy. The delayed treatment group showed no significant alteration in scores on any of the instruments after 12 weeks on the waiting list, confirming the stability of the condition. In the majority of cases cognitive therapy aimed at the modification of dysfunctional cognitive processes resulted in a significant improvement on all jealousy measures, immediately after treatment and at follow-up. The improvement reported by patients was supported by the partner's ratings.ConclusionThe results support the postulation of the cognitive model that modification of cognitive schema by a schema-focused treatment package results in a significant reduction in disturbance in all aspects of the jealousy syndrome.

scholarly journals Cognitive errors assessed by observer ratings in bipolar affective disorder: relationship with symptoms and therapeutic alliance

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ueli Kramer ◽  
Guy Bodenmann ◽  
Martin Drapeau
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Therapy ◽  
Affective Disorder ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Bipolar Affective Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cognitive Errors ◽  
Manic Symptoms ◽  
Observer Ratings ◽  
Depressive Patients

AbstractThe construct of cognitive errors is clinically relevant for cognitive therapy of mood disorders. Beck's universality hypothesis postulates the relevance of negative cognitions in all subtypes of mood disorders, as well as positive cognitions for manic states. This hypothesis has rarely been empirically addressed for patients presenting bipolar affective disorder (BD). In-patients (n= 30) presenting with BD were interviewed, as were 30 participants of a matched control group. Valid and reliable observer-rater methodology for cognitive errors was applied to the session transcripts. Overall, patients make more cognitive errors than controls. When manic and depressive patients were compared, parts of the universality hypothesis were confirmed. Manic symptoms are related to positive and negative cognitive errors. These results are discussed with regard to the main assumptions of the cognitive model for depression; thus adding an argument for extending it to the BD diagnostic group, taking into consideration specificities in terms of cognitive errors. Clinical implications for cognitive therapy of BD are suggested.

Diagnosis as a Detriment: A Cognitive Approach to Understanding the Depressive Experience

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan Hy Einstein
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Mental Health Care ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Psychotropic Medications ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
The Brain

Depression is currently understood within a biomedical paradigm. This paradigm is an example of reductionism; people are clinically diagnosed and categorized based on behavior and affect, while they are then prescribed psychotropic medications based on an inconclusively correlated neurotransmitter imbalance in the brain. In this article, clinical diagnosis and labeling are explored with respect to their detrimental potential. A framework of embodied cognition is used to conceptualize a cognitive model of depressive experience. This theoretical model explores the potentially self-reinforcing cognitive mechanisms behind a depressive experience, with the goal of highlighting the possibility of diagnosis as a detrimental influence on these mechanisms. The aim of this article is to further a discussion about our current mental health care paradigm and provide an explanation as to how it could cause harm to some. Clinical applications of the model are also discussed pertaining to the potential of rendering formal dichotomist diagnoses irrelevant to the ultimate goal of helping people feel better.

COGNITIVE THERAPY FOR PREVENTING TRANSITION TO PSYCHOSIS IN HIGH RISK INDIVIDUALS: A CASE SERIES

2003 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul French ◽  
Anthony P. Morrison ◽  
Lara Walford ◽  
Alice Knight ◽  
Richard P. Bentall
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Cognitive Therapy ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Intervention Strategy ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Case Series ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Further Development

Early interventions for psychosis have recently received a great deal of interest. This is because research findings have indicated the importance of duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) in influencing future prognosis. Most interventions have so far centered around the early identification of first episode cases in an attempt to minimize the DUP. A further development of the early intervention strategy aims to identify high-risk cases prior to the onset of psychosis. Treatment of this at risk group could potentially prevent the onset of psychosis. In this paper we describe three cases from a randomized controlled trial designed to test the feasibility of a cognitive therapy intervention, to prevent the onset of psychosis. These are presented with formulations based on a recent cognitive model conceptualizing the onset of psychosis. Implications of this approach for future research and clinical practice are also discussed.

Changes in Core Beliefs (Early Maladaptive Schemas) and Self-Representation in Cognitive Therapy and Pharmacotherapy for Depression

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. A. Dozois ◽  
Peter J. Bieling ◽  
Lyndsay E. Evraire ◽  
Irene Patelis-Siotis ◽  
Lori Hoar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Therapy ◽  
Early Maladaptive Schemas ◽  
Core Beliefs ◽  
Maladaptive Schemas

Cognitive Therapy in the Treatment of Drug-Resistant Delusional Disorder

1996 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Turkington ◽  
Carolyn H. John ◽  
Ronald Siddle ◽  
David Ward ◽  
Luke Birmingham
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Therapy ◽  
Delusional Disorder ◽  
Drug Resistant

Morbid Jealousy: A Cognitive Outlook

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nagy R. Bishay ◽  
Nicholas Tarrier ◽  
Mairead Dolan ◽  
Richard Beckett ◽  
Sue Harwood
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Therapy ◽  
Emotional Disorders ◽  
Therapeutic Approach ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral ◽  
Thought Processes ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Psychological Literature

Jealousy as a clinical problem has received little attention in the psychiatric and psychological literature. Recently the literature on morbid jealousy has been reviewed and the concept placed within a cognitive-behavioral framework (Tarrier, Beckett, Harwood, & Bishay, 1990). The term morbid jealousy is used to signify an excessive irrational preoccupation with the partner’s fidelity for which there is no objective foundation. Normal jealousy can therefore be defined as a jealousy reaction occurring when the partner is unfaithful. Cognitive therapy is a therapeutic approach based on a model of psychopathology that identifies distortions of thought processes as important in emotional disorders (Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emery, 1979; Beck & Emery, 1985). This paper describes a cognitive approach to treating the problem of morbid jealousy.

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