Early Sexual Abuse and Clinical Depression in Adult Life

1991 ◽  
Vol 159 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bifulco ◽  
G. W. Brown ◽  
Z. Adler
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Vulnerability Factors ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Stressful Experiences ◽  
First Interview

Sexual abuse in childhood and adolescence was studied in 286 working-class mothers living in Islington, who were contacted on three occasions over a two-year period. The sample was collected primarily to study current vulnerability factors in the onset of depression, but childhood measures were also included to look at longer-term risk factors. Twenty-five women – 9% of the sample – reported sexual abuse involving physical contact before age 17 and, of these, 64% had case depression in a three-year period (which included the year before first interview). While such abuse was related to other earlier stressful experiences such as parental indifference, violence to the child and institutional stay, it was associated with an increased risk of depression over and above these factors. Sexual abuse before age 17 also related to having been divorced/separated or never having married/cohabited.

scholarly journals Prevention of overweight and obesity in early life

2018 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Lanigan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Obesity Prevention ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Complex Interventions ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Childhood Weight ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
The Uk

Childhood obesity is a serious challenge for public health. The problem begins early with most excess childhood weight gained before starting school. In 2016, the WHO estimated that 41 million children under 5 were overweight or obese. Once established, obesity is difficult to reverse, likely to persist into adult life and is associated with increased risk of CVD, type 2 diabetes and certain cancers. Preventing obesity is therefore of high importance. However, its development is multi-factorial and prevention is a complex challenge. Modifiable lifestyle behaviours such as diet and physical activity are the most well-known determinants of obesity. More recently, early-life factors have emerged as key influencers of obesity in childhood. Understanding risk factors and how they interact is important to inform interventions that aim to prevent obesity in early childhood. Available evidence supports multi-component interventions as effective in obesity prevention. However, relatively few interventions are available in the UK and only one, TrimTots, has been evaluated in randomised controlled trials and shown to be effective at reducing obesity risk in preschool children (age 1–5 years). BMI was lower in children immediately after completing TrimTots compared with waiting list controls and this effect was sustained at long-term follow-up, 2 years after completion. Developing and evaluating complex interventions for obesity prevention is a challenge for clinicians and researchers. In addition, parents encounter barriers engaging with interventions. This review considers early-life risk factors for obesity, highlights evidence for preventative interventions and discusses barriers and facilitators to their success.

scholarly journals The Contribution of Neighborhood Socioeconomic Disadvantage to Depressive Symptoms Over the Course of Adult Life: A 32-Year Prospective Cohort Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 189 (7) ◽  
pp. 679-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Elovainio ◽  
Jussi Vahtera ◽  
Jaana Pentti ◽  
Christian Hakulinen ◽  
Laura Pulkki-Råback ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Socioeconomic Disadvantage ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Early Exposure ◽  
Grid Data ◽  
Disadvantaged Area ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract The association between socioeconomic disadvantage and increased risk of depressive symptoms in adulthood is well established. We tested 1) the contribution of early exposure to neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage to later depressive symptoms throughout life, 2) the persistence of the potential association between early exposure and depressive symptoms, and 3) the contributions of other known risk factors to the association. Data were collected from the Young Finns Study, a prospective, population-based 32-year follow-up study that included participants aged 3–18 years at baseline in 1980. Participants were followed up with repeated measurements of depressive symptoms between 1992 and 2012 (n = 2,788) and linked to national grid data on neighborhood disadvantage via residential addresses. We examined the associations in mixed models separately for the 5-, 10-, 15-, and 20-year follow-ups. Living in a disadvantaged neighborhood during childhood and adolescence was associated with a higher level of depressive symptoms in adulthood during all follow-up periods (β = 0.07, P = 0.001) than living in a nondisadvantaged area. Individual adulthood socioeconomic status mediated the associations. These findings suggest that living in a socioeconomically disadvantaged area during childhood and adolescence has a long-lasting negative association with mental health irrespective of family-related risks, partially due to socioeconomic adversity later in life.

scholarly journals Metabolic Derangement in Pediatric Patient with Obesity: The Role of Ketogenic Diet as Therapeutic Tool

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2805
Author(s):  
Valeria Calcaterra ◽  
Elvira Verduci ◽  
Martina Chiara Pascuzzi ◽  
Vittoria Carlotta Magenes ◽  
Giulia Fiore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Ketogenic Diet ◽  
Pediatric Obesity ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Therapeutic Tool ◽  
Metabolic Derangement ◽  
Increased Risk

Obesity is defined as a condition characterized by an excessive fat accumulation that has negative health consequences. Pediatric obesity is associated with an increased risk for many diseases, including impaired glycemic and lipidic control that may lead to the development of chronic, and potentially disabling, pathologies, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular events, in adult life. The therapeutic strategy initially starts with interventions that are aimed at changing lifestyle and eating behavior, to prevent, manage, and potentially reverse metabolic disorders. Recently, the ketogenic diet (KD) has been proposed as a promising dietary intervention for the treatment of metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors related to obesity in adults, and a possible beneficial role has also been proposed in children. KD is very low in carbohydrate, high in fat, and moderate to high in protein that may have the potential to promote weight loss and improve lipidic derangement, glycemic control, and insulin sensitivity. In this review, we present metabolic disorders on glycemic and lipidic control in children and adolescents with obesity and indication of KD in pediatrics, discussing the role of KD as a therapeutic tool for metabolic derangement. The results of this review may suggest the validity of KD and the need to further research its potential to address metabolic risk factors in pediatric obesity.

Adjustment disorders in child and adolescent psychiatry (DRAFT)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aisling Mulligan
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Adjustment Disorder ◽  
Child And Adolescent Psychiatry ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Clinical Description ◽  
Long Term Prognosis

The clinical description of adjustment disorder (AD) in children and young people is the same as in adults. However, the stressors or triggers to AD in childhood and adolescence may differ from those in adult life. Up to 30% of those presenting to acute psychiatric services for adolescents can be considered to have an AD. The diagnosis of AD is associated with an increased risk of suicide and of suicidal ideation in young people. While most young people recover from AD, the long-term prognosis of AD is different in young people than in adults—young people with AD have a higher risk of developing ongoing psychiatric illness than adults with AD.

Symptoms of depression and anxiety during adult life: evidence for a decline in prevalence with age

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1321-1328 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. HENDERSON ◽  
A. F. JORM ◽  
A. E. KORTEN ◽  
P. JACOMB ◽  
H. CHRISTENSEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
General Population ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Adverse Life Events ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Striking Change

Background. To test the hypothesis that the prevalence, in the general population, of symptoms of depression and anxiety declines with age.Methods. A general population sample of 2725 persons aged 18 to 79 years was administered two inventories for current symptoms of depression and anxiety, together with measures of neuroticism and of exposures that may confer increased risk of such symptoms.Results. Symptoms of depression showed a decline with age in both men and women. For anxiety, the decline was statistically significant for women but not consistently so for men. For the risk factors examined, there was a decline with age in the neuroticism score, the frequency of adverse life events, being seriously short of money and having had parents who separated or divorced. Further analysis showed that the association between age and a declining symptom score cannot be entirely attributed to these risk factors, with the single exception of neuroticism. The latter is itself likely to be contaminated by current symptoms.Conclusion. Unless these findings are due to bias in the sample of those who agreed to participate, they add to the evidence that symptoms of depression and to a lesser extent of anxiety decline in prevalence with age. Some risk factors also decline with age. It now has to be determined if these cross-sectional observations are also to be found in longitudinal data; and what process may underlie this striking change in mental health during adulthood.

scholarly journals Physical and psychiatric comorbidity among patients with severe mental illness as seen in Uganda

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Stephen Mpango ◽  
Wilber Ssembajjwe ◽  
Godfrey Zari Rukundo ◽  
Carol Birungi ◽  
Allan Kalungi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Severe Mental Illness ◽  
Physical Abuse ◽  
Psychiatric Comorbidity ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Physical Disorders ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

AbstractThis study established the prevalence of physical and psychiatric comorbidity and associated risk factors among 1,201 out-patients with severe mental illness (SMI) attending Butabika and Masaka hospitals in Uganda. Participants completed an assessment battery; structured, standardized and locally translated instruments. SMIs were established using the MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview version 7.2. We used logistic regression to determine the association between physical and psychiatric comorbidity and risk factors. Prevalence of physical and psychiatric comorbidity was 13.1 %. Childhood sexual abuse (aOR 1.06, 95% CI 1.03 -1.10, P=0.001), sexual abuse in adulthood (aOR 2.22, 95% CI 1.60 - 3.08, P<0.001), childhood physical abuse (aOR 1.07, 95% CI 1.03 - 1.10, P<0.001) and physical abuse in adulthood (aOR 1.69, 95% CI 1.30 - 2.20, P<0.001) were associated with an increased risk of having comorbid psychiatric and physical disorders. Emerging healthcare models in Uganda should optimise care for people with physical and psychiatric comorbidity.

Childhood Sexual Abuse and Mental Health in Adult Life

1993 ◽  
Vol 163 (6) ◽  
pp. 721-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E. Mullen ◽  
Judy L. Martin ◽  
Jessie C. Anderson ◽  
Sarah E. Romans ◽  
G. Peter Herbison
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Childhood Sexual Abuse ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Effects Of Sexual Abuse ◽  
Adult Psychopathology

The relationship between childhood sexual abuse and mental health in adult life was investigated in a random community sample of women. There was a positive correlation between reporting abuse and greater levels of psychopathology on a range of measures. Substance abuse and suicidal behaviour were also more commonly reported by the abused group. Childhood sexual abuse was more frequent in women from disrupted homes as well as in those who had been exposed to inadequate parenting or physical abuse. While elements in the individual's childhood which increased the risks of sexual abuse were also directly associated to higher rates of adult psychopathology, abuse emerged from logistic regression as a direct contributor to adult psychopathology. Severity of abuse reported was related to the degree of adult psychopathology. The overlap between the possible effects of sexual abuse and the effects of the matrix of disadvantage from which it so often emerges were, however, so considerable as to raise doubts about how often, in practice, it operates as an independent causal element. Further, many of those reporting childhood sexual abuse did not show a measurable long-term impairment of their mental health. Abuse correlated with an increased risk for a range of mental health problems, but in most cases its effects could only be understood in relationship to the context from which it emerged.

Therapeutic options in male osteoporosis

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (04) ◽  
pp. 271-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Farahmand ◽  
J. D. Ringe
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Male Osteoporosis ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Modes Of Action ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Male Patients

SummaryOsteoporosis in men is increasingly recognized as an important public health problem but affected patients are still under-diagnosed and -treated. As in women the diagnostic and therapeutic strategy has to be adapted to the individual case. In the practical management it is very important to detect possible causes of secondary osteoporosis, to explain the possibilities of basic therapy counteracting individual risk factors and communicate that osteoporosis is a chronic disease and adherence to a long-term treatment is crucial. In established severe osteoporosis a careful analgesic therapy is important to avoid further bone loss related to immobility. In elderly men with increased risk of falling insufficient Vitamin D supply or impaired activation of Vitamin D due to renal insufficiency must be taken into consideration. Specific medications available today for the treatment of male osteoporosis comprise among antiresorptive drugs the bis phosphonates alendronate, risedronate and zoledronic acid. Denosumab, the first biological therapy is approved for men with androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. An important advantage of this potent antiresorptive drug is the increased adherence due to the comfortable application by sixmonthly subcutaneous injections. Study results from the 2-year multi-center randomized controlled ADAMO-Study will very soon allow the use of denosumab in all types of male osteoporosis. Teriparatide, the 34 N-terminal amino acid sequence of parathyroid hormone was approved for men with osteoporosis as an anabolic agent based on proven efficacy by different studies. Among drugs with other modes of action the D-hormone pro-drug alfacalcidol can be used in men alone or in combination with the advantage of pleiotropic effects on calcium absorption, parathyroids, bone and muscle. Recently also Strontium-ranelate was approved for male patients with the limitation to exclude men with clinical relevant cardiovascular risk factors. In general the possibilities to treat male osteoporosis have considerably improved during recent years. Today there is a choice of a spectrum of drugs from mild to strong potency with different modes of action on bone turnover to design strategies for individual male patients.

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