Serum and CSF Antibody Titres to Seven Common Viruses in Schizophrenic Patients

1985 ◽  
Vol 147 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. King ◽  
S. J. Cooper ◽  
J. A. P. Earle ◽  
S. J. Martin ◽  
N. V. McFerran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Prospective Studies ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Ct Scans ◽  
Ventricular Size ◽  
Current Medication ◽  
Viral Antibody ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Age And Sex

SummaryCSF and matched serum antibody titres to seven common viruses were measured in 20 chronic schizophrenic patients, and 17 of these were age and sex-matched with orthopaedic controls. CT scans were carried out in patients and age and sex-matched radiological controls. There was a trend for CSF viral antibody titres (except CMV, HSV and VZV) to be decreased in the patients compared to controls, statistically significant for mumps and IgG. The CSF/serum ratios showed a reduction in the patients, compared to controls, statistically significant for measles and rubella as well as mumps and IgG. Cerebral ventricular size was significantly increased in the patients compared to controls, but did not correlate with any of the antibody data. These findings suggest that there is a reduced immune response to certain common viruses in the CNS of schizophrenic patients, but possible effects of institutionalisation or current medication could only be adequately excluded by further prospective studies.

Ventricular Enlargement in Schizophrenia

1985 ◽  
Vol 147 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Reveley
Keyword(s):  
Ct Scans ◽  
Ventricular Enlargement ◽  
Ventricular Size ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Computerised Tomography ◽  
Twin Birth ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenics ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
Considerable Range ◽  
Age And Sex

SummaryThere has been a considerable range in both the prevalence of ventricular enlargement and values for ventricular size of both schizophrenics and controls, in studies using computerised tomography (CT). The CT scans of 19 unrelated chronic schizophrenics, all of monozygotic (MZ) twin birth, and 36 age-and-sex-matched normal twins from 18 MZ pairs were examined by linear, planimetric, and semi-automated computerised methods. All methods distinguished schizophrenics from controls at approximately the same level of significance, but partial volume artefact led to a greater than two-fold variation in apparent ventricular size, and significantly reduced the validity and reliability of mechanical planimetric and linear measures. Measurement error may be an important source of artefact in uncontrolled studies using those techniques, and when comparing absolute values across studies, but the use of computerised methods should significantly reduce this source of artefact and allow more meaningful comparison.

Immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine expressing the Neospora caninum surface protein NcSRS2 in mice

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhanzhong Zhao ◽  
Jun Ding ◽  
Qun Liu ◽  
Ming Wang ◽  
Jinshu Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Dna Vaccine ◽  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Surface Protein ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Mammalian Expression ◽  
Antibody Titres

The immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine expressing the surface protein NcSRS2 of Neospora caninum was studied in BALB/c mice. The NcSRS2-encoding DNA was obtained by PCR amplification of the NcSRS2 ORF gene from the p43 plasmid encoding the N. caninum surface protein NcSRS2, ligated to the mammalian expression vector pcDNA3.1/Zeo(+) and propagated in E. coli DH5α to produce the N. caninum NcSRS2 DNA vaccine. BALB/c mice were immunised by two intramuscular injections of the DNA vaccine with or without complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA). Serum antibody titres and nitric oxide (NO) concentrations, and splenocyte proliferation and cytokine expression were measured after immunisation. The DNA vaccine induced T-cell-mediated immunity as shown by significantly increased NO concentrations, cytokine gene (IL-2 and IFN-γ) expression, and NcSRS2 protein-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation in mice immunised with the DNA vaccine. The vaccine also induced weak humoral immunity. The immunogenicity of the DNA vaccine was slightly enhanced by CFA. The immune response was specific to NcSRS2. No immune response was observed in mice immunised with the pcDNA3.1/Zeo(+) vector alone.

Effect of replacing inorganic zinc with a lower level of organic zinc (zinc propionate) on performance, biochemical constituents, antioxidant, immune and mineral status in buffalo calves

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Nagalakshmi ◽  
K. Sridhar ◽  
M. Satyanarayana ◽  
S. Parashu Ramulu ◽  
V. S. Narwade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Antioxidant Status ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Buffalo Calves ◽  
Biochemical Constituents ◽  
Organic Zinc ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Organic Zn

An experiment of 120 days was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing inorganic zinc (ZnSO4; 80 ppm) with lower level (75% of inorganic levels; 60 ppm) of organic zinc (Zn propionate; Zn-Prop) on growth, serum biochemical constituents, immune response, mineral and antioxidant status in buffalo calves. Twelve buffalo calves (193.3±19.63kg; 14-24 months) were randomly allotted to a control (80 ppm Zn) and experimental (60 ppm Zn) diets. All calves were weighed at fortnight interval. Animals were immunized against Brucella abortus (BA) and chicken RBC (CRBC) antigens on day 90 with a booster dose of 15 days interval and serum was collected on 7, 14, 21 and 28 d of post sensitization (PS) to study the antibody titres. Blood was collected on 114 d of experiment to prepare serum and haemolysate. Cell mediated immune response (CMIR) was determined against phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) on day 118. The fortnightly body weights, average daily gain, dry matter intake, feed conversion ratio were comparable between the dietary groups. Similarly, serum albumin, globulin, creatinine and mineral (Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe) levels were comparable while higher (P less than 0.05) serum total protein and alkaline phosphatase activities were observed in organic Zn supplemented calves. After 7 d of PS, serum antibody titres (log2) against BA were higher (P less than 0.05) with Zn-Prop supplementation, while the titres against CRBC were not affected by Zn source and dose. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities (glutathione reductase, RBC catalase and superoxide dismutase) estimated in haemolysate were comparable between groups, while glutathione peroxidase (P less than 0.05) activity increased with Zn-prop supplementation compared to ZnSO4. The CMIR was higher (P less than 0.05) with organic Zn. It can be concluded that the growth performance, antioxidant status, and immune response in calves fed lower levels of organic Zn (Zn-Propionate) (75% of inorganic mineral supplementation) was comparable to those fed 100% of inorganic zinc and the CMI response was higher in organic Zn supplemented calves.

HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE TO FOWL CHOLERA VACCINE IN DIFFERENT BREEDS OF COMMERCIAL BIRDS

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-131
Author(s):  
MS Parvin ◽  
MP Siddique ◽  
MT Islam
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
Antibody Titre ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Booster Vaccination ◽  
Cholera Vaccine ◽  
Fowl Cholera ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Antibody Titres

Fowl cholera is a highly contagious and economically important disease of poultry worldwide. Control of fowl cholera depends mainly on vaccination throughout the world including Bangladesh. Therefore, the objective of the study was to determine the antibody titre following vaccination with fowl cholera vaccine in different breeds of commercial birds including Aseel and its F1 crosses. The study was conducted at Bangladesh Agricultural University Poultry Farm during the period from March to December 2011. A total of 37 birds of four types of breeds (Synthetic - 10, White Rock - 10, Aseel - 7 and Aseel×Rhode Island Red - 10) of both sex and 17 weeks old were used in this trial. Primary and booster vaccination were done in all the birds of four groups with fowl cholera vaccine (BAU-FCV) @ 0.5 ml/bird IM at 20 weeks and 26 weeks of age, respectively. Blood samples were collected at different occasions of vaccination. The immune responses (serum antibody titre) were determined by using passive haemagglutination assay (PHA). All the four groups of vaccinated birds induced significantly higher humoral immune response after primary and booster vaccination. However, no significant differences were observed in antibody titres between breeds on different occasions of vaccination. Of the four groups, antibody titres were slightly higher in breeds of Aseel×RIR and White Rock birds than other two breeds. It appears from the study that breed variation has no significant effect on immune response to fowl cholera vaccine.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v9i2.13453

Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in mice during experimental infection with Mycoplasma pulmonis

1989 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-142
Author(s):  
M. Kishima ◽  
C. Kuniyasu ◽  
M. Eguchi
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Poor Correlation ◽  
Mycoplasma Pulmonis ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Indirect Haemagglutination ◽  
Cell Mediated Immune Response ◽  
Antibody Titres

Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in mice after challenge exposure with Mycoplasma pulmonis were investigated. The cell-mediated immune response was determined by means of the delayed-type footpad swelling and the humoral immune response by means of the indirect haemagglutination test. Delayed-type footpad swelling and serum antibody titres were detected at one week after the challenge exposure and persisted for 7 weeks until the end of the experiment. However, there was a poor correlation between the degree of delayed-type footpad swelling and that of serum antibody titre. Delayed-type footpad swelling in mice with gross pneumonic lesions was less than that of mice with no gross lesions. A weak negative linear correlation was observed between the delayed-type footpad swelling and the number of M. pulmonis isolated from lungs.

scholarly journals Determination of immune response against alum-precipitated fowl cholera vaccine in the quail, Coturnix japonica

1970 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 57-59
Author(s):  
MT Iqbal ◽  
MH Haque ◽  
S Sarker ◽  
MA Islam ◽  
KA Choudhury
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Coturnix Japonica ◽  
Cholera Vaccine ◽  
Booster Immunization ◽  
Fowl Cholera ◽  
Similar Dose ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
And Control

The immune response of a formalin-inactivated alum-precipitated fowl cholera vaccine (FCV) was evaluated in quails, Coturnix japonica (Order: Galliformes and Family: Mimidae). All quails, irrespective of sex and 8-weeks-old were immunized with 5×107CFU/ml/quail subcutaneously (SC) and intramuscularly (IM). A Booster immunization was given with similar dose and routes at 15 days after primary immunization in groups A and B while group C served as unimmunized control. Pre-immunized sera were collected from all groups of birds to assay the primary antibody levels in them. Sera of the immunized and control quails were collected at 15 and 30 days post immunization. The degree of immunity produced in each group of quails following primary and secondary immunizations were determined by measuring their serum antibody titres using passive haemagglutination assay (PHA) test. The level of antibody was significantly increased both primary and booster immunization in immunized quails as determined by PHA titres. Two weeks after final immunization, the quails were challenged with a virulent isolate of fowl cholera and immunized quails conferred 100% protection while all the control quails were dead within 10 days post challenge.   Key words: Fowl cholera; alum-precipitated vaccine; immune response; PHA test; quail DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ujzru.v29i1.9467 UJZRU 2010; 29(1): 57-59

Herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus and Epstein–Barr virus antibody titres in sera from schizophrenic patients

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 757-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn E. Delisi ◽  
Suzanne B. Smith ◽  
Joel R. Hamovit ◽  
M. Elizabeth Maxwell ◽  
Lynn R. Goldin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Early Antigen ◽  
Sibling Pairs ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Epstein Barr

SynopsisSerum antibody titres to herpes-simplex (HSV-1, 2), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Epstein–Barr virus capsid antigen (EBV-VCA) were determined in 38 unrelated chronic schizophrenic patients, 11 nuclear families with at least 2 schizophrenic members, and 2 control groups. The distributions of antibody titres to herpes simplex and cytomegalovirus were similar among all groups. Patients had higher anti-EBV-VCA titres than non-hospitalized controls; however, hospital staff members in contact with the patients also had significantly higher antibody titres to EBV-VCA. Antibodies to EBV early antigen (EBV-EA) were also determined for 27 unrelated patients and 24 mental hospital employees. The schizophrenic patients had significantly higher antibody titres to EBV-EA than the hospital worker control group. These data do not support the hypothesis that herpes viruses are associated with the aetiology of schizophrenia. Although elevated anti-EBV early antigen titres may suggest persistent active EBV infection, it is unlikely to be related to the aetiology of the disorder, since discordance for EBV seropositivity was present among sibling pairs concordant for schizophrenia.

scholarly journals Virus-specific memory T cell responses unmasked by immune checkpoint blockade cause hepatitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Hutchinson ◽  
Katharina Kronenberg ◽  
Paloma Riquelme ◽  
Jürgen J. Wenzel ◽  
Gunther Glehr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Blockade ◽  
Checkpoint Blockade ◽  
Effector Memory ◽  
Specific Memory ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
After Cancer

AbstractTreatment of advanced melanoma with combined PD-1/CTLA-4 blockade commonly causes serious immune-mediated complications. Here, we identify a subset of patients predisposed to immune checkpoint blockade-related hepatitis who are distinguished by chronic expansion of effector memory CD4+ T cells (TEM cells). Pre-therapy CD4+ TEM cell expansion occurs primarily during autumn or winter in patients with metastatic disease and high cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific serum antibody titres. These clinical features implicate metastasis-dependent, compartmentalised CMV reactivation as the cause of CD4+ TEM expansion. Pre-therapy CD4+ TEM expansion predicts hepatitis in CMV-seropositive patients, opening possibilities for avoidance or prevention. 3 of 4 patients with pre-treatment CD4+ TEM expansion who received αPD-1 monotherapy instead of αPD-1/αCTLA-4 therapy remained hepatitis-free. 4 of 4 patients with baseline CD4+ TEM expansion given prophylactic valganciclovir and αPD-1/αCTLA-4 therapy remained hepatitis-free. Our findings exemplify how pathogen exposure can shape clinical reactions after cancer therapy and how this insight leads to therapeutic innovations.

scholarly journals Dairy Heifers Naturally Exposed toFasciola hepaticaDevelop a Type 2 Immune Response and Concomitant Suppression of Leukocyte Proliferation

2017 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
John Graham-Brown ◽  
Catherine Hartley ◽  
Helen Clough ◽  
Aras Kadioglu ◽  
Matthew Baylis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Grazing Season ◽  
Type 2 Immune Response

ABSTRACTFasciola hepaticais a parasitic trematode of global importance in livestock. Control strategies reliant on anthelmintics are unsustainable due to the emergence of drug resistance. Vaccines are under development, but efficacies are variable. Evidence from experimental infection suggests that vaccine efficacy may be affected by parasite-induced immunomodulation. Little is known about the immune response toF. hepaticafollowing natural exposure. Hence, we analyzed the immune responses over time in calves naturally exposed toF. hepaticainfection. Cohorts of replacement dairy heifer calves (n= 42) with no prior exposure toF. hepatica, on three commercial dairy farms, were sampled over the course of a grazing season. Exposure was determined through anF. hepatica-specific serum antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and fluke egg counts. Concurrent changes in peripheral blood leukocyte subpopulations, lymphocyte proliferation, and cytokine responses were measured. Relationships between fluke infection and immune responses were analyzed by using multivariable linear mixed-effect models. All calves from one farm showed evidence of exposure, while cohorts from the remaining two farms remained negative over the grazing season. A type 2 immune response was associated with exposure, with increased interleukin-4 (IL-4) production, IL-5 transcription, and eosinophilia. Suppression of parasite-specific peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation was evident, while decreased mitogen-stimulated gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production suggested immunomodulation, which was not restricted to parasite-specific responses. Our findings show that the global immune response is modulated toward a nonproliferative type 2 state following natural challenge withF. hepatica. This has implications in terms of the timing of the administration of vaccination programs and for host susceptibility to coinfecting pathogens.

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