Animal Studies of Alcohol Intake

1982 ◽  
Vol 141 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Meisch
Keyword(s):  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Alcohol Intake ◽  
Research Interest ◽  
Research Findings

Animal studies of alcohol intake can be divided into two groups based on the methodology. General findings of each group will be reviewed especially as they relate to current areas of research interest. Some implications of research findings for theories of alcoholism and drug addiction will be mentioned.

Impulsivity and Drug Addiction: A Neurobiological Perspective

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor Robbins
Keyword(s):  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Conceptual Analysis ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Compulsive Behavior ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Detailed Characterization ◽  
Cocaine Seeking ◽  
Serial Reaction

A conceptual analysis of the impulsivity construct in behavioral and neurobiological terms is followed by an analysis of its causal role in certain forms of drug addiction in both human and animal studies. The main focus of this chapter is on a rat model of impulsivity based on premature responding in the five-choice serial reaction time task and a more detailed characterization of this phenotype in neurobehavioral, neurochemical, and genetic terms. Evidence is surveyed that high impulsivity on this task is associated with the escalation subsequently of cocaine self-administration behavior and also with a tendency toward compulsive cocaine seeking. Novelty reactivity, by contrast, is associated with the enhanced acquisition of self-administration, but not with the escalation of intravenous self-administration of cocaine or the development of compulsive behavior associated with cocaine seeking. These results indicate that the vulnerability to stimulant addiction may depend on different factors, as expressed through distinct presumed endophenotypes. These observations help us further to dissociate various aspects of the impulsivity construct in neural as well as behavioral terms.

Substance use disorders and the mechanisms of drug addiction

2020 ◽  
pp. 477-491
Author(s):  
Trevor W. Robbins ◽  
Barry J. Everitt
Keyword(s):  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Dorsal Striatum ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Limbic Systems ◽  
Brain Changes

The understanding of drug addiction has gained much from a neuroscientific approach, reflected by changing approaches in diagnosis. The two main psychological accounts of addiction to substances, ranging from alcohol and nicotine to opioids and stimulant drugs, are opponent motivational processing, emphasizing the importance of withdrawal symptoms, and aberrant learning from positive reinforcement. The neural and neurochemical systems implicated have been identified on the basis of animal studies, using especially the self-administration paradigm, and human investigations employing a range of brain imaging modalities. These neural substrates include dopamine-dependent functions of the ventral and dorsal striatum, as well as regulatory influences of fronto-limbic systems. The chapter considers the critical issue of cause and effect, and whether brain changes reflect neurotoxic effects of abuse or whether there are predisposing neurobehavioural factors. It also outlines the current situation and future prospects for treatment by medication, possibly in association with psychological approaches.

Serotonin and alcohol intake, abuse, and dependence: Findings of animal studies

1994 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 395-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
David LeMarquand ◽  
Robert O. Pihl ◽  
Chawki Benkelfat
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Alcohol Intake

scholarly journals Altered Febrile Responses in Older Adults: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 224-224
Author(s):  
Barbara Holtzclaw
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Set Point ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Fever Response

Abstract Human and animal studies support generalizations that older adults are less able than younger adults to mount an effective febrile response. Beyond difficulties this presents for assessing signs and symptoms of infection, concern exists that older adults may lack fever’s protective immuno-stimulant benefits. Fever is a systemic physiological host response to a pyrogen resulting in release of proinflammatory cytokines that produce a regulated elevation of thermoregulatory set-point. Heat is generated, by shivering and molecular activity, and conserved, by vasomotor activity, elevating and maintaining body temperature at the higher set-point level. Because immunological, vasomotor, and kinetic activities raise body temperature, age-associated alterations have been hypothesized to explain blunted febrile responses in older adults. Purpose: A systematic review was done to 1) determine factors underlying presumed origins and alterations in older adults’ febrile responses. 2) assess for gaps and controversies in emerging research that could inform care decisions. Comparisons of disciplinary assumptions, perspectives, and cross-disciplinary interpretations sought relevance to interdisciplinary care. Methods: Search of literature databases: Medline (OVID), and CINAHL (EBSCO). PubMed, and included relevant animal and human research findings since 2000 from physiology, gerontology, immunology, infectious disease, clinical medicine, and nursing. Findings: Altered innate immunity in sepsis shows early hyper-reactive response, prolonged inflammatory activity, and fever response contributing to cardiovascular and neurological morbidity, not temperature elevation. Morbidly was attributed to disease not age. Conclusions: Hazards of blunted febrile temperatures include undetected infections and possible loss of immune benefits. Significant evidence of age-related diminished febrile temperature’s immune consequences shown with animal models.

scholarly journals Antisense oligonucleotides targeting angiotensinogen: insights from animal studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia-Hua Wu ◽  
Ya Wang ◽  
Murong Ma ◽  
Adam E. Mullick ◽  
Rosanne M. Crooke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antisense Oligonucleotides ◽  
Therapeutic Approach ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Preclinical Research ◽  
Angiotensin Peptides ◽  
Research Findings

Abstract Angiotensinogen (AGT) is the unique substrate of all angiotensin peptides. We review the recent preclinical research of AGT antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), a rapidly evolving therapeutic approach. The scope of the research findings not only opens doors for potentially new therapeutics of hypertension and many other diseases, but also provides insights into understanding critical physiological and pathophysiological roles mediated by AGT.

scholarly journals Longevity and learning from the biographical perspective. Two Case Studies - Locally Rooted and Globally Oriented

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-56
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Malec Rawiński
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Old Age ◽  
The Body ◽  
Research Interest ◽  
Learning Needs ◽  
Research Findings

In the general imagination, old age and increased longevity do not correspond to learning. The fact that older adults are learning needs to be proven constantly. Longevity is considered to be more than passing time - it has advantages for learning. I agree that longevity is a challenge and I argue that it is also a time of learning. Consequently, my research interest in this paper is longevity and learning. I present two case studies (locally rooted and globally oriented) from a biographical perspective. The paper consists of two parts, a theoretical and an empirical one. In the first, theoretical section, I discuss longevity in the context of the body while considering the local and global worlds as places of living and presenting biography theory as a frame for the research. In the second, empirical section, I present the research background, as well as the research findings from Sweden and Poland.

scholarly journals Sex differences in exercise and drug addiction: A mini review of animal studies

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuehui Zhou ◽  
Chenglin Zhou ◽  
Rena Li
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Animal Studies

Causes of coercive management behaviour, dimensions and occupations

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1175-1199
Author(s):  
Frederick Doe ◽  
Bill Buenar Puplampu ◽  
Alexander Preko
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
The Body ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Research Interest ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Management Behaviour ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify the specific causes of individual dimensions of coercive management behaviour (CMB) and identify the relationship between individual causes of CMB and the deployment of individual dimension of CMB as well as propose the matching of anti-CMB solutions to occupational types. Design/methodology/approach This study used a sample of 371 respondents randomly selected from 10 of 100 accredited universities in Ghana. The data were gathered using an instrument that was measured on five-point Likert scale, ranging from “strongly disagree = 1” to “strongly agree = 5”. Then the least squares regression analysis was also used in testing the hypothesis. Findings This study identified the potent effect of causality in determining the CMB in organisations. Again, a regression of the individual causes on individual dimensions of CMB clearly shows that there is a strong relationship between specific causes and individual dimensions of CMB. The results show clearly that each CMB cause has a different effect and unequal level of significance in relation to specific dimensions. Research limitations/implications Though this research attempted to find the relationship between causes of CMB and the CMB dimensions deployed in universities, the identified causes are only the causes elucidated through a new scale developed Doe (2018). Other possible causes of CMB were not factored into this research’s objectives. It is possible therefore that further research can link some other causes not mentioned in this work to dimensions of CMB which are intimidation, threat to personal standing, threat to professional standing, social isolation and work-related harassment. It is therefore suggested that more research will be necessary to ascertain which dimensions produce which effects and in what proportion in victims of CMB. Second, as a result of the fact that this is a novel area, formulating a hypothesis for the mediation of occupational types in the relationship between causes and dimensions is difficult. Hence, although the findings present a theory of a moderation of occupational characteristics on the relationship between causes of CMB and specific dimensions of CMB in the university, this theory was not tested. However, in spite of this, the researchers propose this perspective as the paper’s contribution to the body of the literature as a novel research interest worth looking into. It is thus relevant and significant to ignite research interest in this direction. Finally, data used in the study was conjoint thereby leaving no room for a comparative analysis of public versus private universities. This limitation should therefore provide a base for further research. Practical implications The research findings have practical policy implications. This includes providing the basis for designing policies that suit the needs of employees in any organisation. This therefore prevents a one-size-fits-all approach which may not be effective in all cases. Second, corporate governance is enhanced through the identification and resolving of context-specific factors that provide the seedbed for institutionalised bullying. Theoretically, the research findings also have implications. The findings enhance the cause and effect discussion of the phenomenon in the sense that being able to identify what causes more harm to the well-being of employees in a given organisation provides the vital link to crafting the right context-specific antidote to the phenomenon. Again, the relationship between causes of CMB and dimensions of CMB has been established. Having established this relationship, it is recommended that research focus should be directed at investigating differences in organisational cultures of various occupations and how they contribute towards providing the ideal environment for the causative factors in the CMB phenomenon to thrive. The establishment of the relationship between occupation types and causes and/or dimensions of CMB will unearth the critical nexus that needs to be found between type of occupations and the reverse relationship they have with causes through the lens of the dimensions deployed in the organisation. This will further enhance the understanding of the CMB phenomenon. Originality/value This study contributes significantly to research by bringing to attention of researchers and practitioners the linkage between causes and dimensions of CMB and thus enables organisations to tailor solutions to this phenomenon to the most pertinent causes of the dimensions experienced by victims.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document