Thyrotoxicosis and the Course of Manic-Depressive Illness

1978 ◽  
Vol 133 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Checkley
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Episode ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Manic Depressive Illness ◽  
Affective Illness ◽  
Manic Depressive

SummaryThe effect of thyrotoxicosis upon the recurrence of manic-depressive psychoses has been studied by the use of a routine follow-up system. In this system 267 patients had three or more affective illnesses. Five of these patients had eight well-documented episodes of thyrotoxicosis. Only three of these eight episodes coincided with an affective illness, and in each case an alternative explanation for the association was available. These findings suggest that thyrotoxicosis has little effect upon the occurrence of a manic-depressive episode.

Conditioning and Sensitisation in the Longitudinal Course of Affective Illness

1986 ◽  
Vol 149 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Post ◽  
David R. Rubinow ◽  
James C. Ballenger
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Manic Depressive Illness ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Longitudinal Course ◽  
Behavioural Sensitisation ◽  
Affective Illness ◽  
Biological Variables ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
Progressive Course

Few biological theories of manic-depressive illness have focused on the longitudinal course of affective dysfunction and the mechanisms underlying its often recurrent and progressive course. The authors discuss two models for the development of progressive behavioural dysfunction—behavioural sensitisation and electrophysiological kindling—as they provide clues to important clinical and biological variables relevant to sensitisation in affective illness. The role of environmental context and conditioning in mediating behavioural and biochemical aspects of this sensitisation is emphasised. The sensitisation models provide a conceptual approach to previously inexplicable clinical phenomena in the longitudinal course of affective illness and may provide a bridge between psychoanalytic/psychosocial and neurobiological formulations of manic-depressive illness.

Follow-up of 53 Bipolar Manic-Depressive Patients

1974 ◽  
Vol 124 (579) ◽  
pp. 134-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabrielle A. Carlson ◽  
Joel Kotin ◽  
Yolande B. Davenport ◽  
Marvin Adland
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Lithium Carbonate ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
National Institutes Of Health ◽  
Manic Depressive Illness ◽  
Level Of Functioning ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
Depressive Patients

Despite the monumental follow-up studies of patients with manic-depressive illness by Lundquist (1945), Rennie (1942), Hastings (1958), and more recently, Shobe (1971), the development of the concept of unipolar and bipolar forms of affective disorders with clinical (Brodie and Leff, 1971), genetic (Dunner et al., 1970; Winokur et al., 1969), and biologic differences (Buchsbaum et al., 1971; Cohn et al., 1970), has necessitated a revaluation of the question of outcome in this psychiatric illness. The availability of lithium carbonate for both acute and prophylactic treatment of mania (Schou, 1968; Coppen et al., 1971), and possibly depression (Goodwin et al., 1972), has also increased the clinical importance of the unipolar-bipolar distinction. The purpose of this study is to provide further information regarding the course of bipolar manic-depressive illness by reporting the level of functioning, recurrence of episodes, and quality of life at follow-up assessed in a group of patients formerly hospitalized for mania at the National Institutes of Health.

Seasonal Affective Illness

2018 ◽  
pp. 311-316
Author(s):  
S. Nassir Ghaemi
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Interventions ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Manic Depressive Illness ◽  
Affective Illness ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
The Impact

Seasonal affective illness is seen as part of the seasonality of affective illness, not as a separate disease. All human beings are sensitive to light; the impact of light is hardwired in neuroanatomy. The body has intricate circadian rhythms that are regulated by the interaction of light with this neuroanatomy. Thus, everyone is affected by light, or its absence. Manic and depressive states, when part of the disease of manic-depressive illness, can have a seasonal pattern, with depression more prevalent in the fall/winter and mania in the spring/summer. The high prevalence of suicide in the spring likely relates to mixed manic states. Treatment with light boxes can be helpful symptomatically. Available studies are summarized. Importantly, light precautions, which involve behavioral interventions to increase or decrease light exposure, can prevent seasonal mood episodes.

The Continuum of Psychosis and its Implication for the Structure of the Gene

1986 ◽  
Vol 149 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Crow
Keyword(s):  
Tandem Repeats ◽  
Bimodal Distribution ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Manic Depressive Illness ◽  
Affective Illness ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
Functional Psychoses ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Degree Of Stability ◽  
The Continuum

Three observations challenge Kraepelin's binary view of the functional psychoses: a bimodal distribution of the clinical features of manic-depressive illness and schizophrenia has not been demonstrated; affective illness appears to predispose to schizophrenia in later generations; and “schizoaffective’ illnesses cannot be separated in family studies from either of the prototypical psychoses. The alternative concept is that psychosis is a continuum extending from unipolar, through bipolar affective illness and schizoaffective psychosis, to typical schizophrenia, with increasing degrees of defect. According to this concept the genes predisposing to psychosis have a degree of stability that ensures that the form of the psychosis tends to remain the same within families, but there is also the possibility of change, implying that the genetic mechanisms themselves are variable. It is proposed that quantal changes in the “virogene’ are due to replications within the genome (e.g. the generation of tandem repeats of the element or a component of it); that such replications occur at a critical stage (e.g. gametogenesis, fertilisation, very early embryogenesis) in the course of reproduction; and that the “season of birth effect’ reflects the operation of the mechanism responsible for these replications.

Affective Illness in First Degree Relatives, Parental Loss and Family Jointness in Depressive Disorders

1973 ◽  
Vol 122 (570) ◽  
pp. 601-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Venkoba Rao
Keyword(s):  
Affective Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Parental Death ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Parental Loss ◽  
Manic Depressive Illness ◽  
Affective Illness ◽  
First Degree Relatives ◽  
Manic Depressive

Manic-depressive illness is believed to comprise two different clinical entities: Bipolar and Monopolar. This paper aims to study any differences there may be between monopolar and bipolar depressions in respect of three factors: occurrence of affective disorder (including suicide) in first degree relatives; parental death before the patients' twelfth birthday and the extent of ‘jointness' (Khatri, 1970) of the patients' family.

Reassessing the prevalence of bipolar disorders : clinical significance and artistic creativity

1988 ◽  
Vol 3 (S1) ◽  
pp. 29s-36s ◽  
Author(s):  
H.S. Akiskal ◽  
K. Akiskal
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorders ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Manic Depressive Illness ◽  
Leadership Positions ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
Bipolar Ii ◽  
Broad Concept ◽  
The 1960S

SummaryKraepelin's broad concept of manic-depressive illness was challenged in the 1960s by several European and American investigators. This led to the unipolar-bipolar distinction, with considerable restriction of the boundaries of bipolar disorder in favor of unipolar depressions. This concept has now been implicity adopted by official systems of classification worldwide. This review summarizes recent research data that suggest that a partial return to Kraepelin's broad concept of manic-depressive illness is in order. In reassessing the unipolar-bipolar dichotomy, the authors propose that the classification of depressions should incorporate such nonsymptomatologic considerations as family history, temperament, abruptness of onset, recurrence (periodicity and seasonality), and Pharmacologie response.Depending on the definitions used, the unipolar-bipolar ratio has ranged from 10:1 to 4:1. Recent American and European investigations, including studies by the authors and their Italian collaborators, suggest that this ratio may be closer to 2:1 and even as low as 1:1. This conclusion is further supported by genetic data, prospective follow-up studies, pharmacologie response, and examination of interepisodic temperaments. Thus, many depressives with premorbid or intermorbid hyperthymie, irritable or cyclothymie temperaments can now be classified as bipolar. Variously referred to as pseudo-unipolar, unipolar II, bipolar III, bipolar II, or the “ soft” bipolar speetrum, these depressive conditions present diagnostic and therapeutic challenges to the clinician. Special subgroups may be at risk for rapid cycling when overexposed to tricyclic antidepressants. Finally, a significant minority of soft bipolars uppear to be prominent in leadership positions and artistic domains.

Children of Parents with Manic-Depressive Illness: A Follow-Up Study*

1987 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 563-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Laroche ◽  
R. Sheiner ◽  
E. Lester ◽  
C. Benierakis ◽  
M. Marrache ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Pedigree Information ◽  
Family Assessment ◽  
Manic Depressive Illness ◽  
Affective Traits ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
Parental Risk Factors ◽  
Assessment Measures

Thirty-seven offspring from 21 families with a manic-depressive parent were studied 3 to 7 years following initial evaluation. The study examined both pedigree information and psychosocial variables including parental, marital and overall adjustment, measures of chronicity and severity of parental illness and family assessment measures in rleationship to offspring functioning. Nine of the 37 offspring (24%) received a positive DSM-III diagnosis, which is a similar percentage of positive diagnosis of children as we found previously. The diagnoses clustered in the affective illness spectrum. When the presence of affective traits was considered, there was evidence for continuity of psychopathology in most cases. Associations between offspring psychopathology and both non-specific and specific parental risk factors are discussed.

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