Behaviour Problems in Pre-School Children: Family and Social Factors

1977 ◽  
Vol 131 (5) ◽  
pp. 523-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi Richman
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Young Child ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Maternal Mental Health ◽  
Epidemiological Survey ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Behaviour Problems ◽  
Behaviour Problem ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
And Control

In a group of 99 three-year-old children with behaviour problems identified in an epidemiological survey, family and social factors were compared with those in a group of controls. Behaviour problems were significantly associated with a strained marital relationship between parents, with social stresses and with type of housing. There was a high rate of maternal depression in both problem and control groups. The interaction between a behaviour problem in a young child, maternal mental health and social factors is discussed.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Probiotic, Prebiotic, and Synbiotic Supplementation to Improve Perinatal Mental Health in Mothers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vidhi Desai ◽  
Anita L. Kozyrskyj ◽  
Stuart Lau ◽  
Omolara Sanni ◽  
Liz Dennett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Maternal Mental Health ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Anxiety Symptoms ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
And Control

Introduction: There is an emerging interest in modulating the gut microbiota to target the gut-brain axis and improve maternal mental health in the perinatal period. This systematic review evaluated the effectiveness of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics supplementation during pregnancy to reduce the risk of maternal mental health problems in the perinatal period.Methods: Electronic biomedical databases and clinical trial registries were searched from database inception through August 2020 to identify randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) evaluating the effect of probiotic, prebiotic, or synbiotic supplements administered to women during pregnancy on measures of perinatal depression, anxiety, and other mental health outcomes. Study selection, risk of bias appraisal, and data extraction were independently performed by two reviewers. Pooled mean differences (MD) and odds ratios (pOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated in random-effects meta-analyses for the outcomes of interest in the review.Results: From 3,868 studies identified through the search strategy, three RCTs of low risk of bias involving 713 participants were included, all three testing probiotics. There were no differences between probiotics and control groups in the mean depression scores (MD −0.46; 95% CI −2.16, 1.25) at end of follow-up. Although statistical significance was not achieved, probiotics showed an advantage in the proportion of participants scoring below an established cut-off for depression (pOR 0.68; 95% CI 0.43, 1.07). Compared to placebo, probiotics in pregnancy reduced anxiety symptoms (MD −0.99; 95% CI −1.80, −0.18); however, this advantage was not translated in a reduction in the proportion of participants scoring above an established cut-off for anxiety (pOR 0.65; 95% CI 0.23, 1.85). There were no differences between probiotics and control groups in global mental health scores at end of follow-up (MD 1.09; 95% CI −2.04, 4.22).Conclusion: There is limited but promising evidence about the effectiveness of probiotics during pregnancy to reduce anxiety symptoms and reduce the proportion of women scoring ABOVE a cut-off depression score. There is a lack of RCT evidence supporting prebiotics and synbiotics supplementation for similar purposes in the perinatal period. More research is needed before prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics are recommended to support maternal mental health and well-being in the perinatal period.Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO, CRD42019137158.

scholarly journals Investigating the Effectiveness of Group Training Based on Reforming Schema on Improving Individual and Social Health of Mothers’ Problems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Jafari Nodoushan ◽  
Vidasadat Anoosheh ◽  
Mahdieh Shafiezadeh Bafghi ◽  
Mohammad Ali Barzegari ◽  
Ali Jafari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Group Training ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
The Social ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Prevention Center ◽  
And Control ◽  
Damage Prevention ◽  
Social Damage

Introduction: Due to the important role of the mothers in the families, identifying their early maladaptive schema can help us identify the problems that lead to unhealthy life education and provide the necessary and appropriate training programs to improve them. This study uses group training to reform schema in improving mothers' individual and social mental health who consulted the social damage prevention center. The purpose of the study was to determine the effectiveness of reforming schema on a mothers' problems. Methods: In this study, the quasi-experimental method was used. The study population was all the mothers who had parenting problems in the last two years and have consulted the social damage prevention center.  Nonrandom sampling was used for our statistical census. Therefore, 100 mothers at hand were selected nonrandomly, and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) was conducted on them as a pre-test. Then, 24 mothers who obtained the lowest scores were randomly divided into two groups: experimental and control, in each of which there were 12 participants. The experimental group received training in 10 sections for 90 minutes, while the control group did not receive any training. Afterward, a post-test was conducted for each group, and the results of the two groups were compared. Results:  A covariance analysis test was used to test the hyper hypotheses. The results showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the individual's mental health and social mental health variables (p < 0.001). Thus, hypotheses 1 and 2 were approved in our study. In other words, the comparison of the average in two variables after the post-test of experimental and control groups showed that mothers trained according to reforming schem, had better social and mental health. With approximately 90%, it can be said that the training based on reforming schema effectively increases the social and individual health of the mothers challenging with parenting problems.

EFFECT OF COLD ON RATS CHRONICALLY EXPOSED TO MALATHION

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 1671-1676 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V. Marton ◽  
E. A. Sellers ◽  
W. Kalow
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Cold Environment ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Normal Appearance ◽  
Daily Diet ◽  
And Control

Wistar rats received 4000 p.p.m. of malathion in their daily diet without showing evidence of intoxication (normal appearance, growth, food intake). When the animals were clipped and exposed to an ambient temperature of 1.5 °C they survived for a much shorter period in the cold environment than did control animals not receiving malathion. In both experimental and control groups, deaths occurred when body temperatures had dropped to about 18 °C. During the initial period in the cold environment, animals of both groups were able to increase their oxygen consumption to the same extent. There was no indication of an increased heat loss by the malathion-treated rats. It thus appeared likely that the insecticide decreased the ability of rats to produce heat continuously over a prolonged period at a high rate. The activities of cholinesterase in plasma were reduced in the malathion-treated rats but were not affected by the cold stress.

Fungal dysbiosis in cirrhosis

Gut ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1146-1154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasmohan S Bajaj ◽  
Eric J Liu ◽  
Raffi Kheradman ◽  
Andrew Fagan ◽  
Douglas M Heuman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Of Care ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
And Control ◽  
Uninfected Culture ◽  
Culture Positive ◽  
Culture Negative

ObjectiveCirrhotics have a high rate of infections, which are increasingly fungal or culture-negative in nature. While infected cirrhotics have bacterial dysbiosis, the role of fungi is unclear. We aimed to evaluate gut bacterial and fungal dysbiosis in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of outpatient and inpatient cirrhotics and prediction of hospitalisations.MethodsCross-sectional: Age-matched controls, outpatients (with/without antibiotics) and hospitalised uninfected, culture-negative and culture-positive cirrhotics were included and followed for 90 days. Longitudinal: Three studies were conducted: (1) cirrhotics followed over 6 months, (2) outpatient cirrhotics administered antibiotics per standard of care for 5 days and (3) cirrhotics and controls administered omeprazole over 14 days. In all studies, stool bacterial/fungal profiles were analysed.ResultsCross-sectional: In 143 cirrhotics and 26 controls, bacterial and fungal diversities were significantly linked. Outpatients on antibiotics and patients with culture-positive infections had the lowest diversities. Bacterial and fungal correlations were complex in uninfected, outpatient and control groups but were markedly skewed in infected patients. 21% were admitted on 90-day follow-up. A lower Bacteroidetes/Ascomycota ratio was associated with lower hospitalisations. Longitudinal: Fungal and bacterial profiles were stable on follow-up (5 days and 6 months). After antibiotics, a significantly reduced bacterial and fungal diversity, higher Candida and lower autochthonous bacterial relative abundance were seen. After omeprazole, changes in bacterial diversity and composition were seen but fungal metrics remained stable.ConclusionThere is a significant fungal dysbiosis in cirrhosis, which changes differentially with antibiotics and proton pump inhibitor use, but is otherwise stable over time. A combined bacterial–fungal dysbiosis metric, Bacteroidetes/Ascomycota ratio, can independently predict 90-day hospitalisations in patients with cirrhosis.Clinical trial numberNCT01458990.

scholarly journals PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN THE TREATMENT OF DEPRESSION IN COLLEGE STUDENTS

2022 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-71
Author(s):  
Xiaowei He
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
College Students ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Observation Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACT Introduction: The mental health of college students is getting more and more attention from society. Physical exercise as a means of psychotherapy and mental health has become common at home and abroad. Objective: We explore the effect of prescribing physical exercise in the treatment of depression in college students. Methods: College students who had been diagnosed with depression were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, each with 18 patients. The control group received drug treatment. The observation group received sports therapy in addition to drug therapy. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in HAMD scores between the observation and control groups in the first week (P<0.01). Conclusions: Exercise can play a role in treating depression patients rapidly, safely, and efficiently. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

A teaching program for a four year old behaviour problem in a residential cottage

1979 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-24
Author(s):  
Rob Sandison ◽  
Donna Smylie
Keyword(s):  
Young Child ◽  
Care Setting ◽  
Planned Change ◽  
Behaviour Problems ◽  
Behaviour Problem ◽  
Emotional Needs ◽  
Teaching Program ◽  
Problem Child ◽  
Specific Behaviour ◽  
Residential Care Setting

Behaviour change can and should be designed for children in a residential care setting/s. The achievement of these behavioural goals will be contingent on the skills of the cottage parents.The purpose of this paper is to describe a planned ‘change’ programme for a behaviour problem child in a residential cottage home.It should be noted that this is an outline of treatment for the specific behaviour problems displayed by a young child and in no way discounts the importance of fulfilling the physical and emotional needs of the child.We will be looking at the specific skills required in modifying behaviour, how they are applied to both extinction of inappropriate behaviour and teaching of new and appropriate behaviour.

scholarly journals Nationwide assessment of the mental health of UK Doctoral Researchers

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cassie M. Hazell ◽  
Jeremy E. Niven ◽  
Laura Chapman ◽  
Paul E. Roberts ◽  
Sam Cartwright-Hatton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Poor Mental Health ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Preventative Measures ◽  
Common Mental Health Problems ◽  
And Control

AbstractDoctoral Researchers (DRs) are an important part of the academic community and, after graduating, make substantial social and economic contributions. Despite this importance, DR wellbeing has long been of concern. Recent studies have concluded that DRs may be particularly vulnerable to mental health problems, yet direct comparisons of the prevalence of mental health problems between this population and control groups are lacking. Here, by comparing DRs with educated working controls, we show that DRs report significantly greater anxiety and depression, and that this difference is not explained by a higher rate of pre-existing mental health problems. Moreover, most DRs perceive poor mental health as a ‘normal’ part of the PhD process. Thus, our findings suggest a hazardous impact of PhD study on mental health, with DRs being particularly at risk of developing common mental health problems. This provides an evidence-based mandate for universities and funders to reflect upon practices related to DR training and mental health. Our attention should now be directed towards understanding what factors may explain heightened anxiety and depression among DRs so as to inform preventative measures and interventions.

EFFECT OF COLD ON RATS CHRONICALLY EXPOSED TO MALATHION

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (12) ◽  
pp. 1671-1676 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V. Marton ◽  
E. A. Sellers ◽  
W. Kalow
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Cold Environment ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Normal Appearance ◽  
Daily Diet ◽  
And Control

Wistar rats received 4000 p.p.m. of malathion in their daily diet without showing evidence of intoxication (normal appearance, growth, food intake). When the animals were clipped and exposed to an ambient temperature of 1.5 °C they survived for a much shorter period in the cold environment than did control animals not receiving malathion. In both experimental and control groups, deaths occurred when body temperatures had dropped to about 18 °C. During the initial period in the cold environment, animals of both groups were able to increase their oxygen consumption to the same extent. There was no indication of an increased heat loss by the malathion-treated rats. It thus appeared likely that the insecticide decreased the ability of rats to produce heat continuously over a prolonged period at a high rate. The activities of cholinesterase in plasma were reduced in the malathion-treated rats but were not affected by the cold stress.

Maternal Mental Health and Child Behaviour Problems at 2 Years: Findings from the Pacific Islands Families Study

2007 ◽  
Vol 41 (11) ◽  
pp. 885-895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanzhen Gao ◽  
Janis Paterson ◽  
Max Abbott ◽  
Sarnia Carter ◽  
Leon Iusitini
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Internalizing Problems ◽  
Postnatal Depression ◽  
Maternal Mental Health ◽  
Child Behaviour ◽  
Psychological Disorder ◽  
Behaviour Problems ◽  
Early Symptoms ◽  
Child Behaviour Problems

Objective: The present study investigated associations between the timing and persistence of maternal psychological disorder and child behaviour problems in a cohort of Pacific 2-year-old children in New Zealand. Method: Mothers of a cohort of 1398 Pacific infants born in South Auckland, New Zealand were interviewed when their children were 6 weeks, 12 and 24 months of age. Within the context of a wider interview, data regarding maternal mental health were obtained at these times and maternal reports of child behaviour were gathered when the children were 2 years old. Results: Prevalence rates for internalizing problems were significantly higher in children of mothers who had self-reported symptoms of psychological disorder (11.9% in no symptoms, 27.8% in early symptoms of postnatal depression, 21.1% in late symptoms of psychological disorder and 42.9% in persistent or recurrent symptoms). The adjusted odds ratio (OR) of a child having internalizing problems was 1.38 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.79–2.43) in those of mothers reporting early symptoms of postnatal depression, 1.45 (95%CI: 0.85–2.49) in late symptoms of psychological disorder, and 2.93 (95%CI: 1.54–5.57) in persistent or recurrent symptoms relative to the no symptoms group. For externalizing problems, the effects of maternal psychological disorder were not significant. Conclusions: Maternal persistent or recurrent symptoms of psychological disorder may contribute to the behaviour problems of children as young as 2 years old. However, the timing of disorder, whether it is infant or toddler exposure, does not appear to be as crucial. Improved understanding of the associations between maternal psychological disorder and early child behaviour problems may help maternal and child health professionals design appropriate and effective screening and intervention programs to help Pacific mothers and children.

scholarly journals Physical activity based intervention program on health, bone mineral density and fitness status for rheumatology patient over 60 years of age

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Judit Kopkáné Plachy ◽  
Magdolna Vécseyné Kovách ◽  
Ferenc Ihász ◽  
József Bognár
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
And Control

Summary Study aim: regular physical activity is important both for the prevention of illnesses and for rehabilitation purposes because it has significant impact on the physical and mental health of the elderly. The purpose of this study was to assess whether two different half-year regular training programmes had positive effects on health dimensions, bone mineral density, and fitness status in population of women aged over 60 years. Material and methods: older women were assessed in a supervised exercise trial conducted at a rheumatology centre. A half-year intervention program involved 45 women (N = 45) aged over 60 years in Hungary. The sample was randomly divided into three groups. The “Training group” (n = 14; M age 64.07 years) did physical exercises three times per week. The “Mental group” (n = 16; M age 67.88 years) had two physical exercise sessions and one group discussion session about healthy lifestyle. The “Control group” (n = 15; M age 63.73 years) was not involved in any activities. Physical and mental health status (SF-36), bone mineral density (BMD), and fitness status (FFFT) were analysed. Results: repeated measures ANOVA produced a significant main effect (F = 2389; p < 0.001). The differences between the “Training” and “Control” groups (p < 0.01) and between the “Mental” and “Control” groups (p < 0.05) were meaningful. The Group x Time comparison was significant in six scales of health status measurements; two scales of bone mineral density grew significantly. All the fitness test variables show significant results in between subjects effect. Conclusions: both the Training and Mental groups significantly contributed to a better health status of the participants.

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