The EEG as a Measure of Cerebral Functional Organization

1977 ◽  
Vol 130 (3) ◽  
pp. 260-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Shaw ◽  
K. P. O'Connor ◽  
C. Ongley
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Coherence Measure ◽  
Alpha Frequency ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
The Brain

SummaryEvidence suggests that anomalies of functional organization in the brain may be present in some psychiatric disorders and that EEG differences between psychiatric patients and appropriate control groups may depend on them. It is therefore of practical importance to develop further ways of examining the association between the EEG and such organization. The change in inter-hemisphere coherence (a measure of EEG synchronicity) in the alpha frequency band when carrying out a task is shown to discriminate a group of 11 right from 11 left preferent normal individuals. Since right and left preference is associated with differences in cerebral functional organization, the coherence measure may be a useful way of studying this feature of psychiatric illness.

The Role of Stress as a Precipitating Factor of Psychiatric Illness

1977 ◽  
Vol 130 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur P. Schless ◽  
Alicia Teichman ◽  
J. Mendels ◽  
Joseph N. DiGiacomo
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Surgical Patients ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Life Event ◽  
Event Histories ◽  
Precipitating Factor

SummaryFifty-six psychiatric patients were interviewed to obtain a record of life events preceding admission to hospital, using a modified version of the Schedule of Recent Experiences. Two control groups were studied for comparison: medical and surgical in-patients and a ‘normal’ population studied independently by Myers. Psychiatric patients reported a significantly larger number of events than the medical-surgical patients, who, in turn, reported significantly more events than the ‘normal’ population. There were no significant differences in the specific life event histories between groups.

scholarly journals Difficulties and Concerns of Patients with Severe Mental Disorders and Their Caregivers During Hospitalization and After Discharge During the First Wave of COVID-19 Epidemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (3 Special Issue on COVID-19) ◽  
pp. 348-359
Author(s):  
Amir Hossein Jalali Nadoushan ◽  
◽  
Saeedeh Shirdel ◽  
Marjan Shokrani ◽  
Porshad Pourzarabian Haghighi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Severe Mental Disorders ◽  
Safe Place ◽  
The World ◽  
Time Of Admission

Objectives: The Covid-19 has caused anxiety and stress in people all over the world. One of the most vulnerable groups during this epidemic are people with psychiatric disorders. In this study, we investigate the leading causes of concern among patients with psychiatric disorders and their families during and after hospitalization. The purpose of this study is to improve the care and service given to these patients and their caregivers regarding their concerns. Methods: In this study, 48 patients with psychiatric disorders hospitalized from late February to late April 2020 in the Iran Psychiatric Hospital were contacted by telephone. They completed a questionnaire related to the covid-19 pandemic and the problems caused by it during and after their hospitalization. Results: Inability to meet with family and the fear of infection to Covid-19 were among the main concerns of these patients at the time of admission. Their most worrying factors after discharge were the negative impact of quarantine on the recurrence of psychiatric illness. On the other hand, the most significant concern during the hospitalization of a patient with Covid-19 is the caregivers of these patients after discharge and the inaccessibility to a physician. Conclusion: The Covid-19 pandemic has caused challenges in treating psychiatric patients; thus, this study suggests some solutions such as providing a safe place for doctors to visit the patients, recommending the patients and the caregivers to observe self-hygiene protocols, and seeing patients virtually.

scholarly journals Alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, and mental disorders

2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-185 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Psychotropic Drugs ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Delirium Tremens ◽  
Fourth Edition ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
The Brain

Alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine are the most widely consumed psychotropic drugs worldwide. They are largely consumed by normal individuals, but their use is even more frequent in psychiatric patients, Thus, patients with schizophrenia tend to abuse all three substances. The interrelationships between depression and alcohol are complex. These drugs can all create dependence, as understood in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). Alcohol abuse is clearly deleterious to the brain, provoking acute and chronic mental disorders, ranging from intoxication with impairment of cognition, to delirium tremens, halluosis, and dementia. In contrast, the main health consequences of nicotine, notably cancer and cardiovascular disases, lie outside the realm of psychiatry However, the mes of nicotine dependence and motivation to smoke or quit are of concern to psychiatrists.

Undiagnosed Psychiatric Patients

1972 ◽  
Vol 121 (565) ◽  
pp. 647-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay L. Liss ◽  
Amos Welner ◽  
Eli Robins
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Chart Review ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Psychiatric Research ◽  
Hospital Records ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Narrative Interview

In a previous report records were studied of 256 in-patients who were discharged as undiagnosed, i.e. in-patients who at the time of discharge did not have a definable psychiatric illness (Welner, Liss, Robins and Richardson, 1972). In that study it was shown that when rigorous criteria for psychiatric research (Feighner, Robins, Guze, Woodruff, Winokur and Munoz, 1972) were used 68 per cent of these patients met the criteria for an established psychiatric disorder. It was concluded that: (1) The chart review diagnoses for a population of undiagnosed patients consisted of a variety of established psychiatric disorders and the population was not homogeneous. (The chart review diagnosis is a diagnosis obtained by review of the patients' hospital records and evaluating the information by using diagnostic criteria for psychiatric disorders.) (2) The most efficient way to arrive at a diagnosis was by structured rather than conventional narrative interview. This study is a follow-up study of these patients and attempts to evaluate the validity of the chart review diagnosis. A concordance between the chart review diagnosis and follow-up diagnosis supports the above conclusions. The follow-up study also served to establish diagnosis in patients who had too few symptoms initially to meet the criteria for a diagnosis.

scholarly journals Smoking in chronic psychiatric illness: is it worth it?

1996 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 533-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. McDonald ◽  
N. Sheppard
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Chronic Psychiatric Patients

The prevalence of smoking is higher among chronic psychiatric patients than the general population, in spite of their lower income. The purpose of this study was to calculate the percentage of income these patients spend on smoking and to discuss the relationship between smoking and chronic psychiatric disorders, in particular schizophrenia. Ninety-six smokers were included in the study. The mean percentage expenditure on smoking was 294% of income. We discuss why chronic psychiatric patients smoke so much, why they should not, and what factors may encourage them to quit.

Cerebral function and the EEG in psychiatric disorder: a hypothesis

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Cerebral Function ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Frequency Spectra ◽  
Functional Organisation ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
The Common ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Brain

SynopsisIndependent studies which showed a difference between the EEG frequency spectra of test and control groups have been compared. Some of the test groups included schizophrenic patients, others comprised groups with dyslexia, reading disability and left preference. The EEG differences between the test and control groups are shown to be similar across the studies. It is suggested that the common attribute of the test groups relates to the functional organisation of the brain and that investigation of EEG correlates of this phenomenon may be of value to research into the biological basis of psychiatric illness.

Electrical Stimulation of the Brain for Psychiatric Disorders

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 35-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart Nuttin ◽  
Loes Gabriëls ◽  
Paul Cosyns ◽  
Jan Gybels
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Treatment Option ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractDespite advances in therapies, there remain psychiatric patients who are extremely ill and cannot be helped by classic psychiatric treatments, including psychotherapy and drug therapy. Certain of these patients may be helped by use of bilateral brain lesioning. The complication rate of standard stereotactic psychosurgery techniques is very low. The main rationale for the continued experimental use of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in neurosurgery for mental disorders is its reversibility. This reversibility is not an advantage in terms of the benefits obtained, but rather if side effects emerge. In addition, electrical stimulation may provide patients with some autonomy for their treatment. The first, very preliminary results of electrical stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder and for a small heterogeneous group of patients with other psychiatric disorders have been published. Electrical stimulation of the brain for psychiatric disorders may become a new treatment option for certain intractable psychiatric disorders. Nevertheless, the mechanism of action of DBS in psychiatric disorders is unknown, and the experience with this modality is extremely limited. The first results look promising, but this treatment option may prove unusable for some time because of a lack of knowledge of appropriate brain stimulation targets and technical problems such as the availability of sufficient current supply.

scholarly journals Psychiatric disorders and Nesfatin-1Psikiyatrik hastalıklar ve Nesfatin-1

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1397
Author(s):  
Şermin Algül
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Antidepressant Drug ◽  
Related Field ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
Near Future ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Very High

<p>Nowadays psychiatric disorders is complex group of diseases that many factors play a role in the etiology and prevalence of it's very higher.  Neurotransmitters levels such as serotonin norepinefrin and dopamine in the brain is changed in case of illness. For instance Neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinefrin and dopamine is decreased in depression and dopamine is increased in schizophrenia. Many of the antidepressants drugs that used in the treatment of depression leads to weight gain in patients.  Nesfatin-1 is expressed that recently discovered, being an anorexigenic peptid and derived NEFA / nukleobindin2 (NUCB2)  in the brain's stress-related field. Plasma nesfatin-1 levels were found to be very high psychiatric patients than normal people with. Peptids' brings to mind the idea that may be important in the prognosis of the disease which the decreased of the level of hormone following treatment process and high in case of illness. It's will provide a better understanding of the prognosis of the disease that can also be explained the effect of these hormones under stress in this disease. In future studies, to understand the antidepressants effect of nesfatin-1 the important molecular mechanisms related with the nesfatin-1 receptor should be necessary to define. In light of recent studies, it is thought that nesfatin-1 could be a important antidepressant drug in the near future.</p><p><strong>Özet    </strong><br />Psikiyatrik hastalıklar günümüzde prevalansı çok yüksek olan etiyolojisinde birçok faktörün rol oynadığı yaygın ve kompleks bir hastalık grubudur. Hastalık durumunda beyinde serotonin, norepinefrin, dopamin gibi nörotransmitterlerin düzeyleri değişmektedir. Örneğin depresyonda serotonin, norepinefrin ve dopamin azalmaktayken; şizofrenide ise dopamin artmaktadır. Major depresyon tedavisinde kullanılan antidepresan ilaçların çoğu hastalarda kilo alımına yol açmaktadır. NEFA/nukleobindin2 (NUKB2)'den kaynaklanan son yıllarda keşfedilen anoreksijenik bir peptid olan nesfatin-1, beynin stresle alakalı alanlarında bulunmaktadır. Psikiyatrik hastalarda normal insanlara kıyasla plazma nesfatin-1 düzeyi çok yüksek bulunmuştur. Hastalık durumunda yüksek iken, tedavi sürecini takiben hormon seviyesinin düşmesi peptidin hastalığın prognozunda önemli olabileceği fikrini akla getirmektedir. Bu rahatsızlıklarda stres altında bu gibi hormonların etkilerinin açıklanması hastalığın prognozunun daha iyi anlaşılmasını sağlayacaktır. Gelecek çalışmalarda, nesfatin-1'in antidepresif etkisini anlamak için; nesfatin-1 reseptörleri ile ilgili önemli moleküler mekanizmaların tanımlanması gerekmektedir. Son yapılan çalışmaların ışığında, nesfatin-1'in yakın gelecekte önemli bir antidepresan ilacı olabileceği düşünülmektedir.</p>

scholarly journals The unbalanced reorganization of weaker functional connections induces the altered brain network topology in schizophrenia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rossana Mastrandrea ◽  
Fabrizio Piras ◽  
Andrea Gabrielli ◽  
Nerisa Banaj ◽  
Guido Caldarelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resting State ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Functional Integration ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Modular Organization ◽  
Node Degree ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Brain Disorder ◽  
Functional Connections ◽  
The Brain

AbstractNetwork neuroscience shed some light on the functional and structural modifications occurring to the brain associated with the phenomenology of schizophrenia. In particular, resting-state functional networks have helped our understanding of the illness by highlighting the global and local alterations within the cerebral organization. We investigated the robustness of the brain functional architecture in 44 medicated schizophrenic patients and 40 healthy comparators through an advanced network analysis of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data. The networks in patients showed more resistance to disconnection than in healthy controls, with an evident discrepancy between the two groups in the node degree distribution computed along a percolation process. Despite a substantial similarity of the basal functional organization between the two groups, the expected hierarchy of healthy brains' modular organization is crumbled in schizophrenia, showing a peculiar arrangement of the functional connections, characterized by several topologically equivalent backbones. Thus, the manifold nature of the functional organization’s basal scheme, together with its altered hierarchical modularity, may be crucial in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. This result fits the disconnection hypothesis that describes schizophrenia as a brain disorder characterized by an abnormal functional integration among brain regions.

scholarly journals The Modular Organization of Pain Brain Networks: An fMRI Graph Analysis Informed by Intracranial EEG

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Camille Fauchon ◽  
David Meunier ◽  
Isabelle Faillenot ◽  
Florence B Pomares ◽  
Hélène Bastuji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Integration ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Brain Networks ◽  
Modular Organization ◽  
Noxious Heat ◽  
Intracranial Eeg ◽  
Brain Connectome ◽  
Posterior Parietal ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Intracranial EEG (iEEG) studies have suggested that the conscious perception of pain builds up from successive contributions of brain networks in less than 1 s. However, the functional organization of cortico-subcortical connections at the multisecond time scale, and its accordance with iEEG models, remains unknown. Here, we used graph theory with modular analysis of fMRI data from 60 healthy participants experiencing noxious heat stimuli, of whom 36 also received audio stimulation. Brain connectivity during pain was organized in four modules matching those identified through iEEG, namely: 1) sensorimotor (SM), 2) medial fronto-cingulo-parietal (default mode-like), 3) posterior parietal-latero-frontal (central executive-like), and 4) amygdalo-hippocampal (limbic). Intrinsic overlaps existed between the pain and audio conditions in high-order areas, but also pain-specific higher small-worldness and connectivity within the sensorimotor module. Neocortical modules were interrelated via “connector hubs” in dorsolateral frontal, posterior parietal, and anterior insular cortices, the antero-insular connector being most predominant during pain. These findings provide a mechanistic picture of the brain networks architecture and support fractal-like similarities between the micro-and macrotemporal dynamics associated with pain. The anterior insula appears to play an essential role in information integration, possibly by determining priorities for the processing of information and subsequent entrance into other points of the brain connectome.

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