The Effect of Plasma from Schizophrenic Patients on the Chicken Erythrocyte System

1963 ◽  
Vol 109 (459) ◽  
pp. 231-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mangoni ◽  
R. Balazs ◽  
A. J. Coppen
Keyword(s):  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Aerobic Metabolism ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Chicken Erythrocyte ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Lactate And Pyruvate ◽  
Pyruvate Ratio

Frohman et al. (1960a, 1960b, 1961, 1962) have investigated the effect of plasma of schizophrenic patients on carbohydrate metabolism. They measured the production of lactate and pyruvate by the nucleated red cells of the chicken after incubation with patients' plasma. After incubation with plasma from schizophrenic patients, the lactate/pyruvate ratio was raised significantly above the ratio found after incubation with plasma from normal subjects. This observation was interpreted as evidence of an inhibition of aerobic metabolism induced by the plasma of schizophrenic patients. We report here an attempt to confirm these findings.

Lactate and pyruvate gradients between red blood cells and plasma during acute asphyxia

1964 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 1100-1104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salha S. Daniel ◽  
Hisayo O. Morishima ◽  
L. Stanley James ◽  
Karlis Adamsons
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Lactate ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Cell Ratio ◽  
Lactate And Pyruvate ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Endogenous Release ◽  
Pyruvate Ratio

The rate of equilibration of lactate and pyruvate between plasma and red cells has been studied during asphyxia and following addition of sodium lactate in vivo and in vitro. In the resting, well-oxygenated guinea pig, the mean plasma/red cell ratio of lactate was 1.55 and that of pyruvate 2.47. During asphyxia, the plasma/red cell ratio of lactate rose and that of pyruvate fell, indicating a delay in equilibration. Incomplete equilibration affected particularly the lactate/pyruvate ratio in the two compartments. Infused neutral sodium lactate penetrated the red cells at a rate comparable to that observed following endogenous release of lactic acid during acute asphyxia. In vitro at pH 6.8@#X2013;7.4 at 38 C, the time to 50% equilibration of lactate between plasma and cells of human blood was less than 2 min. It is concluded that during acute asphyxia and resuscitation whole blood values of lactate and pyruvate do not bear a constant relationship to those of plasma. lactate/pyruvate ratio Submitted on March 16, 1964

Lactate, pyruvate, and lactate-to-pyruvate ratio during exercise and recovery

1985 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 935-940 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Wasserman ◽  
W. L. Beaver ◽  
J. A. Davis ◽  
J. Z. Pu ◽  
D. Heber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Work Rate ◽  
O2 Uptake ◽  
Abrupt Increase ◽  
Early Recovery ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Lactate And Pyruvate ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Pyruvate Ratio

The pattern of lactate increase and its relation to pyruvate and lactate-to-pyruvate (L/P) ratio were studied during exercise and early recovery in 10 normal subjects for incremental exercise on a cycle ergometer. Gas exchange was measured breath by breath. Lactate and pyruvate were measured by enzymatic techniques. Lactate and log lactate changed only slightly at low levels of O2 uptake (VO2) but both began to abruptly increase at approximately 40–55% of the maximal VO2. However, the point of abrupt increase in pyruvate occurred at higher work rates and the rate of increase was not as great as that for lactate. Thus L/P ratio increased at the same VO2 as the log lactate increase. Following the exercise, pyruvate continued to increase steeply for at least the first 5 recovery min, whereas at 2 min lactate increased only slightly or decreased. Thus arterial L/P ratio reversed its direction of change and decreased toward the resting value by 2 min of recovery. Lactate, as well as L/P ratios, decreased in all subjects by 5 min. This study demonstrates that lactate and pyruvate concentrations increase slightly at low levels of exercise without a change in L/P ratio until a threshold work rate at which lactate abruptly increases without pyruvate. The resulting increase in L/P ratio is progressive as work rate is incremented and abruptly reverses when exercise stops.

Carbohydrate Metabolism During Fasting and Hibernation in the Ground Squirrel

1957 ◽  
Vol 189 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn L. Zimny ◽  
Victor Tyrone
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Cardiac Muscle ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Ground Squirrel ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Control Range ◽  
Lactate And Pyruvate ◽  
Pyruvate Ratio

Biochemical levels of glycogen, lactate and pyruvate determined in liver, skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle of control, fasting and hibernating groups of ground squirrels were compared. During fasting liver glycogen increased, as compared to the control, apparently as a result of glycolysis in both skeletal and cardiac muscle. The lactate-pyruvate ratio in both types of muscle greatly favored lactate. Therefore, it is possible that the formation of a ‘lactate pool’ by muscle supplies the glycogenetic needs of the liver at this time. In hibernation both liver and cardiac muscle showed increases in glycogen over control values. Possibly, this may subsequently serve as a source of energy for arousal. Lactate and pyruvate during hibernation decreased in all tissues studied due to a low metabolic rate slowing the process of glycolysis. However, the ratio between the two compounds remained within the control range. The data suggest that the mechanism of carbohydrate metabolism during fasting differs from that during hibernation.

The self and schizophrenia: a cognitive approach

2003 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Nieznanski
Keyword(s):  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Self Schema ◽  
Persons With Schizophrenia ◽  
Basic Features ◽  
Trait Words ◽  
Patients Experience ◽  
Normal Controls

The aim of the study was to explore the basic features of self-schema in persons with schizophrenia. Thirty two schizophrenic patients and 32 normal controls were asked to select personality trait words from a check-list that described themselves, themselves as they were five years ago, and what most people are like. Compared with the control group, participants from the experimental group chose significantly more adjectives that were common to descriptions of self and others, and significantly less that were common to self and past-self descriptions. These results suggest that schizophrenic patients experience their personality as changing over time much more than do healthy subjects. Moreover, their self-representation seems to be less differentiated from others-representation and less clearly defined than in normal subjects.

Gene Frequency of CYP2D6*4 and *10 Variants in Karachi Population

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamkeen Fatima ◽  
Farah Zeb ◽  
A. Dar Farooq
Keyword(s):  
Antipsychotic Drugs ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Restriction Enzymes ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Poor Metabolizer ◽  
Cyp2d6 Polymorphism ◽  
Wild Allele ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Intermediate Metabolizer

Background: CYP2D6 is to be considered the most pronounced gene in pharmacegenetic field which is involved in metabolizing ~25% of all clinically used neuroleptic drugs and other antidepressants. We designed a study to evaluate differential expression of CYP2D6*4 and CYP2D6*10 variants which are very prevalent in Asian countries and exhibit variation in drug metabolizing ability that affect therapeutic responses. Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the genotypic frequencies of CYP2D6 *1 (normal metabolizer), *4 (poor metabolizer) and *10 (intermediate metabolizer) variants among schizophrenic subjects and compared with control group from a sub-set of Karachi population. Method: Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA ) was extracted and amplified with CYP2D6*4 and *10 primers using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and digested by Bacillus stereothermophilus (BstN1) and Hemophilus parahemolyticus (Hph1) restriction enzymes. The digested bands were identified as wild type or mutants and their genotypic frequencies were estimated statistically by Hardy-Weinberg equation (HWE) and analyzed further under non-parametric Chi-square test. Results: The results mentioned the frequencies of CYP2D6*1 wild allele (57%) which produces functional enzyme in normal subjects but CYP2D6*4 variant (9%) that produces non-functional enzyme and CYP2D6*10 allele (70%) produces altered enzyme with reduced activity that was most prevalent in schizophrenic patients. Conclusion : Genotyping of CYP2D6 alleles among schizophrenic patients indicated prevalence of *4 and *10 variants in Karachi population producing non-functional and reduced functional drugs metabolizing enzymes respectively that increases the incurability rate of schizophrenia. Therefore, CYP2D6 gene screening program should be conducted routinely in clinical practice to help clinicians to prescribing appropriate doses according to patient’s genotype and minimize the sufferings of schizophrenia. Discussion: In last, drug response is a complex phenomenon that is dependent on genetic and environmental factors. CYP2D6 polymorphism may un-cured the schizophrenia due to improper drug metabolism and protein-proteins interaction that may alter the antipsychotic drugs metabolism among patients with variable drug resposes. Gene testing system need to establish for analyzing maximum patient’s genotypes predicted with poor metabolizer, intermediate metabolizer and ultrarapid metabolizer for the adjustment of antipsychotic drugs.

Effect of chlorpromazine on H-reflex recovery curves in normal subjects and schizophrenic patients

1982 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 342-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Metz ◽  
Henry H. Holcomb ◽  
Herbert Y. Meltzer
Keyword(s):  
Normal Subjects ◽  
H Reflex ◽  
Recovery Curves ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients

Red Cell Glutathione in Anaemia

1973 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 177-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hopkins ◽  
G. R. Tudhope
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Initial Therapy ◽  
Megaloblastic Anaemia ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
A Value ◽  
Normal Mean

Erythrocyte reduced glutathione (GSH) has been measured in 17 normal subjects and in 70 patients with anaemia of various causes; the red cells of most of the anaemic patients contained abnormally high levels of GSH. In the group of cases of untreated megaloblastic anaemia in which the haemoglobin concentration was less than 8.0 g. per 100 ml., there was an inverse relationship between the erythrocyte GSH level and the haemoglobin concentration. During initial therapy in megaloblastic anaemia, as the haemoglobin concentration increased, the GSH level decreased towards normal; the time taken for the GSH level to reach a value 2 standard deviations above the normal mean was inversely related to the initial haemoglobin concentration. In the red cells of patients with anaemia there was no correlation between the GSH level and the activity of glutathione peroxidase. The significance of these findings is discussed.

Coherence on Electroencephalography and Aberrant Functional Organisation of the Brain in Schizophrenic Patients During Activation Tasks

1991 ◽  
Vol 159 (5) ◽  
pp. 636-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra L. Morrison-Stewart ◽  
Peter C. Williamson ◽  
William C. Corning ◽  
Stanley P. Kutcher ◽  
Harold Merskey
Keyword(s):  
Left Hemisphere ◽  
Normal Control ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Cognitive Activation ◽  
Functional Organisation ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Discriminant Analyses ◽  
Eeg Alpha ◽  
The Brain

Thirty schizophrenic patients (20 medicated, 10 off medication) were compared with 30 normal control subjects matched for age, sex, handedness, and intelligence. During the performance of left-hemisphere cognitive activation tasks, normal subjects had significantly increased EEG alpha coherence in areas related to left focal frontal sites, with decreases in temporal and posterior areas. Schizophrenic patients did not show the same degree of focal activation of left frontal areas. During the performance of right-hemisphere cognitive activation tasks, normal subjects and schizophrenic patients had similar patterns of right posterior increases in alpha coherence. Discriminant analyses were able to classify 81.4% of all subjects correctly. It is suggested that the findings indicate an aberrant functional organisation of the brain in schizophrenia, particularly affecting the left hemisphere.

Activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in schizophrenic and manic-depressive patients.

1986 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 805-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
D S Abdalla ◽  
H P Monteiro ◽  
J A Oliveira ◽  
E J Bechara
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Active Oxygen Species ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Neuroleptic Drugs ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Psychiatric Manifestations ◽  
Depressive Patients

Abstract Activities of superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) and glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) in erythrocytes were evaluated in 50 schizophrenic and 20 manic-depressive patients, who were or were not being treated with different neuroleptic drugs, and results were compared with those for 58 normal individuals. Neuroleptic-treated and untreated schizophrenic patients showed similar activities of superoxide dismutase, about 60% higher than those found in normal individuals (p less than 0.001). In manic-depressive patients treated with either lithium (n = 8) or lithium plus neuroleptic drugs (n = 12), superoxide dismutase activities were increased by about 40% over those of normal subjects (p less than 0.001). Significantly abnormal activities of glutathione peroxidase were found only in the sub-group of schizophrenic women. These results are interpreted in terms of active oxygen species involvement in the psychiatric manifestations.

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