Neurosis and Experimental Psychology

1958 ◽  
Vol 104 (434) ◽  
pp. 55-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Gwynne Jones
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Stress ◽  
Experimental Psychology ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Genetic Constitution ◽  
Behavioural Disturbance ◽  
The Individual

Genetic factors have been shown to play an important role in the development of neurosis. These factors, however, determine the vulnerability of an individual, the degree of his predisposition for neurotic breakdown, while the available evidence indicates that the actual behavioural disturbance results from the imposition of some form of environmental stress on the individual concerned. The probability that any particular individual will develop a neurosis is partly determined by his genetic constitution and partly by the degree of stress to which he is subjected.

scholarly journals Inter and intraspecies comparison of the level of selected bacterial phyla in in cattle and sheep based on feces

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Szeligowska ◽  
Paulina Cholewińska ◽  
Katarzyna Czyż ◽  
Konrad Wojnarowski ◽  
Marzena Janczak
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Bacterial Phyla ◽  
As Species ◽  
Individual Host ◽  
Host Effect ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Background The microbiome of the digestive tract of ruminants contains microbial ecosystem that is affected by both environmental and genetic factors. The subject of this study concerns the influence of selected genetic factors, such as species of animals and “host” individual differences on the digestive tract microbiome composition. The results show the core microbiological composition (Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes) of ruminants digestive tract (based on feces) depending on breed and “host”. The Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla are the most abundant in ruminants digestive tract. The aim of the study was to determine the differences prevalence level of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla in feces of Charolaise cattle and Polish Olkuska Sheep with respect to intra- and inter-species variability. Results The research group in the experiment consisted of animals at the age of 3 months kept in the same environmental conditions – rams of Polish Olkuska Sheep (n = 10) and Charolaise bulls (n = 10). Feces were collected individually from each animal (animals without disease symptoms were selected), living on the same environmental conditions. The analysis of the results in terms of species showed differences in the Firmicutes phylum level and Lactobacillaceae family between rams and bulls. Subsequently, the analysis performed for the “host effect” showed differentiation in the levels of the Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla between individuals in a group and also between the groups. Conclusion The obtained results suggest that, apart from the diet and the environment, the species and the individual host are equally important factors influencing the microbiological composition of the digestive system of ruminants.

High Grade Mental Deficiency in Relation to Differential Fertility

1947 ◽  
Vol 93 (391) ◽  
pp. 289-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Fraser Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Mental Deficiency ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Single Factor ◽  
Important Distinction ◽  
Differential Fertility ◽  
The People ◽  
Hereditary Factors ◽  
The Individual

Mr. Caradoc Jones this morning emphasized very clearly indeed the important distinction between high and low grade mental deficiency. He showed us some very striking figures suggesting, not that heredity is not involved in both, but that it is a different sort of heredity. It always seems to me that in considering this and related matters the analogy of stature is a helpful one. Many of us remember those posters of the last war but one, which said “Your King and Country Need YOU,” coupled with the statement that “You” had to be 5 ft. 4 in. high—a standard which went down afterwards. If one rejects for any purpose a segment of the population on a measurement of this kind one is rejecting people for very different reasons. The arbitrary standard cuts off, of course, the dwarfs; the achondroplasics, the midgets, the cretins, the rachitic dwarfs, and so on; but it cuts off far more of those who are simply short. In causation we can normally expect the dwarf's condition to be due to hereditary factors, actually a single factor in achondroplasia; or it may be something environmental, as in the rachitic dwarfs or the cretins, but when we come to the people who are just short, it has been shown fairly conclusively that in a civilized community in which the standard of nutrition is adequate, at least 90 per cent. of the differences are due to heredity; but it is a different sort of heredity. We have a whole host of genetic factors, each one of which has a small effect; but the effect is cumulative; some factors make for greater stature, some for smaller, and it is on the sum total received from the parents that the stature of the individual depends.

scholarly journals INDICATIONS OF TISSUE SPECIFICITY IN A TRANSPLANTABLE SARCOMA

1924 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonell C. Strong
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Tissue Specificity ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Genetic Constitution ◽  
Genetic Origin ◽  
Transplanted Tumor

1. A sarcoma of the mouse which has proved to be transplantable to a great variety of strains of mice does not furnish an exception to the theory that transplantability is controlled by genetic factors, since this tumor possesses some characteristics that are more than probably genetic. 2. The phenomenon of the assumption of tissue specificity on the part of the host may possibly be of genetic origin. 3. The evidence suggests that the gonads have some influence on the assumption of tissue specificity on the part of the host. 4. The growth rate of the transplanted tumor may possibly be correlated with the genetic constitution of the host.

ADHD and substance misuse

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Wilens ◽  
Nicholas Carrellas ◽  
Joseph Biederman
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Substance Use Disorder ◽  
Extended Release ◽  
Substance Misuse ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Elevated Risk ◽  
Adhd Treatment ◽  
Stimulant Medications ◽  
The Individual

There has been great interest in the overlap between ADHD and substance use disorder (SUD). ADHD is a common neurobehavioural disorder of childhood that places the individual at elevated risk for later SUD. Studies have shown that 25–40% of adults and adolescents with SUD have ADHD. Although the exact link between the two disorders is still unclear, it appears their connection is complex, and involves the interplay between various biological, behavioural, and genetic factors. Early pharmacotherapy of ADHD does not increase SUD, and, in fact, appears to reduce cigarette smoking and SUD. In individuals with ADHD and SUD, stabilization of SUD is recommended initially, with consideration of adjunct non-stimulant and extended release stimulant medications. More research on the mechanisms of overlap between the disorders, preventative effects of early ADHD treatment on SUD, and concurrent treatments for ADHD and SUD are necessary.

scholarly journals Tailored Treatment of Colorectal Cancer: Surgical, Molecular, and Genetic Considerations

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 117955491769076 ◽  
Author(s):  
Knut Magne Augestad ◽  
Marianne A Merok ◽  
Dejan Ignatovic
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Treatment Approach ◽  
Cancer Recurrence ◽  
Postoperative Phase ◽  
Cancer Disease ◽  
Tailored Treatment ◽  
Surgical Complexity ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Rectal Anatomy

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a complex cancer disease, and approximately 40% of the surgically cured patients will experience cancer recurrence within 5 years. During recent years, research has shown that CRC treatment should be tailored to the individual patient due to the wide variety of risk factors, genetic factors, and surgical complexity. In this review, we provide an overview of the considerations that are needed to provide an individualized, patient-tailored treatment. We emphasize the need to assess the predictors of CRC, and we summarize the latest research on CRC genetics and immunotherapy. Finally, we provide a summary of the significant variations in the colon and rectal anatomy that is important to consider in an individualized surgical approach. For the individual patient with CRC, a tailored treatment approach is needed in the preoperative, operative, and postoperative phase.

General Discussion

1952 ◽  
Vol 139 (895) ◽  
pp. 202-207 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Genetic Constitution ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Predominant Role ◽  
Individual Organism ◽  
Favourable Environment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Associated Species ◽  
Symbiotic Organisms

The first consideration which arises in any discussion of symbiosis is the connotation to be attached to the term. In what sense, if any, can the symbiotic organisms be regarded as constituting a unity? The ‘struggle for existence’ presupposes antagonism between organisms whether or no they belong to the same or diverse a species. On the other hand, the question remains whether associated species tend to provide for each other a favourable environment. The analysis of the relations between organisms has been dominated by the notion of ‘competition’ or ‘struggle’ and the converse notion of ‘co-operation’ has in consequence been disregarded. It should be remembered that even with regard to the unitary organism the notion of ‘struggle’ between organs has been seriously advocated. The data of ecology serve as a challenge to this view of the predominant role of ‘struggle’. It will be generally accepted that the individual organism represents a true unity, and the persistence of the species bears witness to this fact. In this case the unity of the organism and the transmission of this unity from generation to generation is achieved by a genetic mechanism; nevertheless, the uniformity of genetic constitution throughout the cells of a single individual permits of differentiation of the cells into tissues and organs with diverse physiological functions displaying a ‘division of labour’ between the various organs. The unity of the organism expressed and recognized in the persistence of form within the species thus embraces a diversity of functioning within the constituent parts; and thus the unity may be regarded as a ‘functional unity’ or ‘functional field’. Each organ by its activity provides factors essential for the activity of other organs. The recent advances in the study of hormones as regulating factors in development and coordination is only one aspect of this functional unity.

Melancholia and Barbiturates: A Controlled Eeg, Body and Eye Movement Study of Sleep

1963 ◽  
Vol 109 (458) ◽  
pp. 66-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Oswald ◽  
Ralph J. Berger ◽  
R. A. Jaramillo ◽  
K. M. G. Keddie ◽  
P. C. Olley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Stress ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Endogenous Depression ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
External Circumstance ◽  
Present Generation ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Movement Study ◽  
The Individual

Insomnia is widely accepted as a leading feature of that illness designated by the number 301.1 in the International Classification of Diseases. The name given varies—“endogenous depression”, “manic-depressive psychosis/depressive type”, “melancholia” or “depressive illness”. The present generation of laymen (not to say some psychiatrists) use the word “depression” so freely in order to describe an unpleasant, unhappy mood, whether lasting or transient, that one may prefer the term melancholia, or at least “depressive illness”, to signify that condition which justifies the number 301.1. The adjective “endogenous” implies for many that environmental stress plays little or no part in the onset of the illness; we cannot accept that this is always so. The term “reactive” is used in several ways, generally to indicate that the state of unhappiness arises out of some external circumstance and that it would end when circumstances improved or the individual accepted the realities of practical life. The patients used in the present study were suffering from an illness of a kind which we believe may sometimes develop in the absence of severe environmental stress, while in others it may be clearly provoked by circumstances, but the illness, as it develops, may take on a form which becomes largely independent of the environmental circumstances and may continue even when the provoking factors are past; it has become an autonomous melancholia. It will be apparent that by autonomous melancholia we mean an illness shown by clinical experience to respond especially well to electroplexy.

Do genetic factors explain associations between muscle strength, lean mass, and bone density? A twin study

1996 ◽  
Vol 270 (2) ◽  
pp. E320-E327 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Seeman ◽  
J. L. Hopper ◽  
N. R. Young ◽  
C. Formica ◽  
P. Goss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Cross ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Genetically Determined ◽  
Trait Correlation

Are the associations between muscle strength, lean mass, and bone mineral density (BMD) genetically determined? Based on within-pair differences in 56 monozygotic (MZ) and 56 dizygotic (DZ) female twin pairs, mean age 45 yr (range 24-67), BMD was associated with lean mass, independent of fat mass and height (P < 0.05). A 10% increment in femoral neck (FN) BMD was associated with a 15% increment in lean mass (approximately 6 kg). BMD was associated with muscle strength (measured in 35 pairs) before, but not after, adjusting for lean mass. Based on age-adjusted cross-sectional analyses, same-trait correlations (+/- SE) in MZ pairs were double those in DZ pairs: FN BMD (0.62 +/- 0.08, 0.33 +/- 0.12) and lean mass (0.87 +/- 0.03, 0.30 +/- 0.11; all P < 0.001), consistent with a genetic hypothesis. The cross-trait correlation (r) between lean mass and FN BMD in the same individual was 0.43 +/- 0.06. The cross-trait cross-twin correlation between lean mass in one twin and FN BMD in the other was 0.31 +/- 0.07 in MZ pairs, approximately 75% of the cross-trait correlation (r) and 0.19 +/- 0.09 in DZ paris (P < 0.001). After adjusting for height and fat mass, the MZ and DZ cross-trait cross-twin correlations were no different (0.16 +/- 0.08 and 0.13 +/- 0.09, respectively). Therefore, genetic factors account for 60-80% of the individual variances of both FN BMD and lean mass, and > 50% of their covariance. The association between greater muscle mass and greater BMD is likely to be determined by genes regulating size.

HYBRIDIZATION OF TRITICUM AND AGROPYRON: II. CYTOLOGY OF THE MALE PARENTS AND F1 GENERATION

1936 ◽  
Vol 14c (5) ◽  
pp. 203-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. H. Peto
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Chromosome Doubling ◽  
Genetic Constitution ◽  
Tetraploid Species ◽  
Pairing Behavior ◽  
Partial Homology ◽  
F1 Generation

Meiosis was studied in A. glaucum (2n = 42), A. elongatum (2n = 70), and in the F1 of these species crossed on varieties of T. dicoccum, T. durum and T. vulgare. In A. glaucum a large proportion of the chromosomes formed bivalents with occasional univalents and quadrivalents. A. elongatum was very unusual in that uni-, bi-, tri-, quadri-, quinqui-, sexa-, and octavalent configurations were observed. With one exception the A. glaucum × Triticum hybrids averaged 4.8–6.2 bivalents per nucleus, thus indicating partial homology between one set of chromosomes from each of the parents. In the A. elongatum × Triticum hybrids, numerous multivalent configurations were observed and it was concluded that auto- as well as allosyndesis had occurred. Approximately one set of chromosomes remained unpaired in one collection of T. dicoccum var. Vernal × A. elongatum and approximately two sets remained unpaired in crosses between three varieties of T. vulgare and A. elongatum.Two of the crosses exhibited an abnormally small amount of pairing, an effect most plausibly attributed to the reaction of genetic factors limiting prophase pairing.Tentative conclusions have been made regarding the origin and genetic constitution of A. elongatum from the pairing behavior of the chromosomes in this species and its hybrids. It appears likely that A. elongatum arose through hybridization between hexaploid and tetraploid species of Agropyron with subsequent chromosome doubling. An alternative explanation is also suggested.

scholarly journals Effects of genetic factors to inhaled corticosteroid response in children with asthma: a literature review

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1818-1830 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huong Duong-Thi-Ly ◽  
Ha Nguyen-Thi-Thu ◽  
Long Nguyen-Hoang ◽  
Hanh Nguyen-Thi-Bich ◽  
Timothy J. Craig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Inhaled Corticosteroids ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
T Box ◽  
Histone Deacetylase 1 ◽  
Dual Specificity ◽  
Children With Asthma ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Endothelial Growth Factors

Numerous studies have examined the association between pharmacogenetic effects and the response to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) in patients with asthma. In fact, several single nucleotide polymorphisms of a number of candidate genes have been identified that might influence the clinical response to ICS in children with asthma. Their direct or indirect effects depend on their role in the inflammatory process in asthma or the anti-inflammatory action of corticosteroids, respectively. Among the genes identified, variants in T-box 21 ( TBX21) and Fc fragment of IgE receptor II ( FCER2) contribute indirectly to the variability in the response to ICS by altering the inflammatory mechanisms in asthma, while other genes such as corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 ( CRHR1), nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1 ( NR3C1), stress induced phosphoprotein 1 ( STIP1), dual specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP1), glucocorticoid induced 1 (GLCCI1), histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC), ORMDL sphingolipid biosynthesis regulator 3 (ORMDL3), and vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) directly affect this variability through the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of ICS. The results to date indicate various potential genetic factors associated with the response to ICS, which could be utilized to predict the individual therapeutic response of children with asthma to ICS. Clinical trials are underway and their results are greatly anticipated. Further pharmacogenetic studies are needed to fully understand the effects of genetic variation on the response to ICS in children with asthma.

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