Practical pharmacotherapy for anxiety

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Nutt ◽  
Caroline Bell

Anxiety is a very common and disabling condition which has serious consequences for patients, their families and society in general. The past decade has witnessed an increase in the recognition and understanding of the problem but considerable confusion and debate remains over attitudes towards treatment. The background to this controversy dates from the late 1980s when widespread and vehement criticism of doctors and drug companies over the use of benzodiazepines began. Although the litigation was unsuccessful, it resulted in a pervading feeling of uncertainty (both within the medical profession and among patients) about prescribing or taking any drug as a treatment for anxiety. The situation has been further confounded by the split that has occurred between the proponents of pharmacological and psychological approaches to management. These controversies have left the practising clinician in an unenviable position, with few practical or relevant guidelines to follow. Developments over recent years, however, should put an end to this confusion; new pharmacotherapies such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and buspirone, and older ones such as the tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), have emerged as effective alternatives to the benzodiazepines and have been paralleled by a similar growth in effective and available psychological treatments, particularly cognitive and cognitive–behavioural therapy. This progress seems set to continue with the rapid expansion of knowledge about the brain circuits and transmitters regulating anxiety that is now emerging from imaging studies.

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. e227285
Author(s):  
Miles Alexander William Rogers ◽  
Joshua Au Yeung

Following a minor meniscal injury to his right knee, a previously fit and well 58-year-old man developed profound somatisation leading to paraplegia. The patient developed a deep-seated belief that any exercise or walking would cause irreparable damage to his knee. Over the course of 2 years his, mobility reduced from active mountaineering to walking a short distance, and finally to paraplegia. Medical investigations were normal and organic causes were ruled out. Conventional therapy was exhausted, a number of medications were trialled over 5 years, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and antipsychotics without success. Eventually, with a combination of cognitive behavioural therapy, physiotherapy and a novel experimental therapy where the patient rolled dice and acted according to the roll results, the patient was able to literally and metaphorically get back on his feet.


2007 ◽  
Vol 191 (6) ◽  
pp. 521-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Byford ◽  
Barbara Barrett ◽  
Chris Roberts ◽  
Paul Wilkinson ◽  
Bernadka Dubicka ◽  
...  

BackgroundMajor depression is an important and costly problem among adolescents, yet evidence to support the provision of cost-effective treatments is lacking.AimsTo assess the short-term cost-effectiveness of combined selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) together with clinical care compared with SSRIs and clinical care alone in adolescents with major depression.MethodPragmatic randomised controlled trial in the UK. Outcomes and costs were assessed at baseline, 12 and 28 weeks.ResultsThe trial comprised 208 adolescents, aged 11–17 years, with major or probable major depression who had not responded to a brief initial psychosocial intervention. There were no significant differences in outcome between the groups with and without CBT. Costs were higher in the group with CBT, although not significantly so (P=0.057). Cost-effectiveness analysis and exploration of the associated uncertainty suggest there is less than a 30% probability that CBT plus SSRIs is more cost-effective than SSRIs alone.ConclusionsA combination of CBT plus SSRIs is not more cost-effective in the short-term than SSRIs alone for treating adolescents with major depression in receipt of routine specialist clinical care.


2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 491-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Henkel ◽  
R. Mergl ◽  
A.-K. Allgaier ◽  
M. Hautzinger ◽  
R. Kohnen ◽  
...  

AbstractObjectiveAtypical features are common among depressed primary care patients, but clinical trials testing the efficacy of psychopharmacological and/or psychotherapeutic treatment are lacking. This paper examines the efficacy of sertraline and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) among depressed patients with atypical features.Subjects and methodsAnalyses involve a double-blind comparison of sertraline versus placebo (N = 47) and a single-blind comparison between CBT versus a guided self-help group (GSG) (N = 48), with primary efficacy endpoints being the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDSC) and Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-17).ResultsIn intent-to-treat (ITT) analyses, the decrease on the IDSC scale (and HAMD-17) was greater after CBT compared to GSG: p = 0.01 (HAMD-17: p = 0.01). The difference between selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) versus placebo was not significant: p = 0.22 (HAMD-17: p = 0.36).LimitationsThe number of cases in each treatment group was small, thereby limiting statistical power. Patients medicated with sertraline were 10 to 15 years younger than those included in the other groups of treatment.ConclusionsCBT may be an effective alternative to GSG for mildly depressed patients with atypical features. Although SSRI were not superior to placebo, it would be premature to rule out SSRI as efficacious in atypical depression.


2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-169
Author(s):  
Caroline Lebus ◽  

I’m sitting at my desk, trying to concentrate. On anything. It’s impossible. No, I should rephrase that, it’s “challenging” is the term I’ve been taught to use. I can’t focus. I have no motivation. And it’s been like this for nine months. I’ve been treated for depression twice in the past and promised I’d never let myself get depressed again. “Let myself” – that phrase shows how ignorant I still was. Whilst on maternity leave, I became snappy, lethargic, irritable, moody and low. I was certain that it was all due to being a mother with a newborn. All new mums are exhausted, right? I couldn’t be bothered to see people, to cook, to do anything really. But surely it was all down to extreme tiredness? I couldn’t be depressed. I come from a secure background, have a loving and supportive husband and family, close friends, a good job (I’m a doctor, did I mention that?), a beautiful house and no financial worries. I had no reason to be depressed. I was diagnosed, however, with depression and anxiety. How could I let it happen again? That’s the point – I didn’t “let it happen”. It’s not my fault. Depression and anxiety are medical illnesses. Like diabetes. Or heart failure. It could happen to anyone. Depression and anxiety permeate your life. Small things become unmanageable. You cry for no reason. You hate yourself. You feel terrible and unrepentant guilt. About everything. It’s a frightening and lonely world. Nobody understands that even when you look happy on the surface, you’re flat inside, terrified that you’re crazy and may not get better. My return to work became the main focus of my anxiety. I would lie in bed at night panicking. I couldn’t concentrate, focus or make decisions. How could I run an acute medical take? Surely I wouldn’t be safe as a doctor anymore? You cannot understand tiredness until you’ve experienced the tiredness associated with having small children. Or the tiredness associated with having small children and depression. Sometimes I feel like I’ll never have any energy ever again. That I will forever be trying to catch up, to get through the day, to make it to bed. I feel like my life is constantly on the brink of chaos and that I can only rest when I collapse into bed. Except that I can’t rest in bed. Bedtime is the worst. I lie there thinking. Thinking about everything. One night I was still awake at midnight, so got out of bed and scribbled down everything that was in my head. I was thinking 47 things at once. That’s how well women can multitask. And that’s why I can’t relax and get to sleep. They say that anxiety makes it hard to fall asleep and depression makes you wake up early. Well I have anxiety, depression, a four year old and a baby, so that makes for little sleep. Depression seeps into your bones. It gnaws away at your soul, until you don’t know who you are anymore. At times you feel overwhelmed with emotion, wretched, beyond help. At other times you feel nothing at all. Absolutely nothing. I don’t know which is more frightening. I wrote this eighteen months ago. I am now back at work as an acute medical consultant, having had Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, psychiatry input and antidepressants. Depression and suicide are more common in the medical profession than in the general public, yet we rarely discuss it. Many of the personality traits that help us to become highly functioning professionals also increase our risk of depression, such as perfectionism and being overly self-critical. Depression has also been shown to be associated with symptoms of burnout, which is commonplace within the medical workforce. Other risk factors for depression within the medical profession include poor relationships with senior doctors, work overload, job responsibility, making mistakes, lack of sleep and a conflicting work-life balance. How to deal with mental health within the medical profession will not be straightforward and will need addressing from medical school onwards. We must recognise the risk factors and provide adequate support, mentoring, debriefing and rest periods. But first, we need to reduce the stigmatisation and start talking about it.


Author(s):  
Elizabeth Brooker

Cognitive hypnotherapy (CH) is an assimilative therapy rooted in cognitive therapy and behavioural therapy, with the addition of hypnosis. It is a psychodynamic therapy that focuses on the unconscious mind (implicit thoughts, actions and emotions) no longer in conscious awareness. This chapter gives a brief synopsis of the hypnotic procedures and protocols that are most pertinent for understanding the case for integration. It gives the background of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and a brief history of how this therapy evolved. It further gives the rationale for the integration of hypnosis with CBT, corroborated with evidence from the literature. CH treatments are documented in some detail in a number of different domains where hypnosis is used as an adjunct to therapy for the treatment of debilitating psychological conditions. The techniques and procedures are designed to desensitise and reprocess dysfunctional cognitions, emotions and memories enabling positive change in cognitive perceptions and visualisation. The author, an academic and experienced clinical practitioner of CH for more than 10 years, recognises that there is much scepticism regarding this therapy. It is hoped that this review will give greater understanding and more credence to this highly effective therapy in both the scientific community and medical profession.


Author(s):  
Wenxuan Wang ◽  
Sean Wong

Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent mental health condition, affecting one-third of the population during their lifetime. Patient with anxiety may experience overwhelming fear to an irrational fear that can impair  everyday functioning. Current treatment for anxiety disorders include pharmacological (i.e. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) and psychological (i.e. cognitive behavioural therapy) intervention. Cognitive behavioural therapy is an effective exposure-based therapy utilizing repetitive exposure to the feared stimulus to develop desensitization and tolerance but holds high dropout rates due to unbearable anxiety for patients. Recognizing this challenge, virtual reality technology is emerging as a promising tool for patients to challenge their fear in a simulated environment based on individual progression. This article explores the new development of virtual reality technology as an effective treatment modality for anxiety disorders to enhance current approaches in mental health care.


2016 ◽  
Vol 209 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malin Gingnell ◽  
Andreas Frick ◽  
Jonas Engman ◽  
Iman Alaie ◽  
Johannes Björkstrand ◽  
...  

BackgroundSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) are often used concomitantly to treat social anxiety disorder (SAD), but few studies have examined the effect of this combination.AimsTo evaluate whether adding escitalopram to internet-delivered CBT (ICBT) improves clinical outcome and alters brain reactivity and connectivity in SAD.MethodDouble-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled neuroimaging trial of ICBT combined either with escitalopram (n = 24) or placebo (n = 24), including a 15-month clinical follow-up (trial registration: ISRCTN24929928).ResultsEscitalopram+ICBT, relative to placebo+ICBT, resulted in significantly more clinical responders, larger reductions in anticipatory speech state anxiety at post-treatment and larger reductions in social anxiety symptom severity at 15-month follow-up and at a trend-level (P = 0.09) at post-treatment. Right amygdala reactivity to emotional faces also decreased more in the escitalopram+ICBT combination relative to placebo+ICBT, and in treatment responders relative to non-responders.ConclusionsAdding escitalopram improves the outcome of ICBT for SAD and decreased amygdala reactivity is important for anxiolytic treatment response.


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