MEETING OUR CURRENT CHALLENGES

Geophysics ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-234
Author(s):  
Samuel J. Allen
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
History Of

Each group in every age is faced with seemingly insurmountable challenges which appear to be different from and more formidable than those faced previously by others. History, however, records innumerable achievements in all fields of endeavor which have resulted from meeting such challenges successfully. The history of science describes periods of rapid advancements followed by more stable periods when the advances become accepted as the state‐of‐the‐art. Depending upon the suddenness of the advancements, they are frequently referred to as explosions or revolutions. Many occur in the normal course of development, while others result from meeting unusual challenges.

William Henry Fox Talbot (1800–1877) and the “Interim Period” in the history of English etymology

2016 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-112
Author(s):  
Anatoly Liberman
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
History Of ◽  
William Henry Fox Talbot ◽  
Interim Period ◽  
At Home

Henry Fox Talbot, the father of photography, was a polymath, and among his many publications we find works on mathematics, physics, astronomy, chemistry, archeology, ancient history, mythology, and Assyrian cuneiform inscriptions. He was also at home in botany. In 1847 he brought out a thick book titled English Etymologies. His archive at Cambridge allows one to trace the preparatory stages for this work. Talbot’s book is instructive as an example of how some talented, brilliantly educated, and industrious Englishmen in the forties of the nineteenth century went about discovering the origin of Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and English words. Talbot was aware of sound correspondences but did not feel bound by them. A list of his sources gives a good idea of the state of the art in England. Talbot’s etymologies are interesting only from this point of view. They should be studied as we study the efforts of much earlier researchers, that is, as part of the history of science.

scholarly journals Introduction

1990 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl F. Kaestle
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
History Of Education ◽  
The State ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
History Of

The History of Education Quarterly has done it again. Despite many scholars' previous attempts to summarize the state of the art in historical studies of literacy, this special issue will now be the best, up-to-date place for a novice to start. It should be required reading for everyone interested in this subfield. The editors have enlisted an impressive roster of prominent scholars in the field, and these authors have provided us with an excellent array of synthetic reviews, methodological and theoretical discussions, and exemplary research papers.

Lexicography

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Mostafa Assi
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Applied Linguistics ◽  
The State ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Persian Language ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
History Of ◽  
Middle Persian ◽  
Modern Era

The history of lexicography in Iran dates back to more than 2,000 years ago, to the time of the compilation of bilingual and monolingual lexicons for the Middle Persian language. After a review of the long and rich tradition of Persian lexicography, the chapter gives an account of the state of the art in the modern era by describing recent advances and developments in this field. During the last three or four decades, in line with the advancements in western countries, Iranian lexicography evolved from its traditional state into a modern professional and academic activity trying to improve the form and content of dictionaries by implementing the following factors: the latest achievements in theoretical and applied linguistics related to lexicography; and the computer techniques and information technology and corpus-based approach to lexicography.

scholarly journals An Overview and Evaluation of the Cat Market Design Competition

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Miller ◽  
Jinzhong Niu ◽  
Martin Chapman ◽  
Peter McBurney
Keyword(s):  
Computer Science ◽  
Mechanism Design ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Market Design ◽  
The State ◽  
Online Commerce ◽  
Competitive Environments ◽  
Online Marketplaces ◽  
Design Competition ◽  
History Of

The rise of online commerce has led to an emerging discipline at the intersection of economics and computer science, a discipline which studies the properties and dynamics of automated trading in online marketplaces. The CAT Market Design Tournament was created to promote research into the design and deployment of economic mechanisms for such online marketplaces, particularly mechanisms able to adapt automatically to dynamic competitive environments. This research competition, which ran from 2007 to 2011), was won by four different teams and had entrants from thirteen countries. This chapter describes the motivation and history of the tournament and presents research that has arisen from it. The winners were experimentally “played off” to evaluate whether the state of the art in automated mechanism design improved during the CAT competition. The results show a clear and consistent improvement, supporting the belief that the competition has encouraged research in the field.

Sound and Wonder

2021 ◽  
pp. 126-140
Author(s):  
Ray Lee
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
The State ◽  
Sound Art ◽  
The Sublime ◽  
Art Works ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sense Of Wonder

Starting by describing his experience of becoming lost in wonder at the Bakken Museum of Electricity and Life in Minneapolis, in this chapter the artist Ray Lee explores his fascination with the state of wonderment. Referencing his internationally touring sound art works Siren and The Ethometric Museum he reviews the strategies that he has used to attempt to create a sense of wonder, and why this has become both a valuable aspect of his practice and a distinctive part of the audience experience. Throughout the history of science wonder has been a driving force for discovery, yet the sublime, with its suggestion of the spiritual, has more often been used to describe the experience of art. The chapter looks at how wonder creates a sense of creative uncertainty, de Certeau’s ‘rift in time’ or, as Bataille puts it, a state of ‘intolerable non-knowledge, which has no other way out other than ecstasy’.

A Bedouin Principle of Freedom for the Risorgimento d’Italia: Michele Amari Integrates Ibn Khaldūn with Vico’s filologia

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-96
Author(s):  
Markus Messling
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Classical Model ◽  
The State ◽  
Model Case ◽  
Ibn Khaldun ◽  
Giambattista Vico ◽  
New Science ◽  
Human Choice ◽  
History Of

Abstract In the New Science (1744), Giambattista Vico defined filologia as “the doctrine of all the institutions that depend on human choice” of the mondo civile. When nineteenth-century European nationalism was on the rise, supported by narratives of cultural homogeneity and specificity, philological comparatism was the state-of-the-art and it, often, legitimated the obsessions with the purity of origins and genealogies. Italy, characterized by internal plurality and its Mediterranean entanglements, is a model case. Whereas many discourses of the Risorgimento aspired to shape a new Italian nation after the classical model, Michele Amari’s History of the Muslims of Sicily (1854–1872) marked an astonishing exception. For him, going back to Islamic-Sicilian history, its literary, rhetorical and linguistic culture, meant to resume, on a higher level of incivilmento (Vico), what had been obscured by cultural decline: the spirit of freedom and equality, which Ibn Khaldūn had attributed to the Bedouins and their dynamics in history.

Progress of the Rigid Rotor Concept

1968 ◽  
Vol 72 (686) ◽  
pp. 187-190
Author(s):  
I. H. Culver
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Rigid Rotor ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
History Of ◽  
Great Advance

All of us know the history of the helicopter, but certain facets of this history need to be repeated in the framework of the development of the rigid rotor helicopter. It was in 1919, I believe, that Juan de la Cierva, shocked from the death of his brother in a spin accident, reasoned that the best way to build an aeroplane was to build one that made use of the spin as a fundamental. He put a bearing between the spinning wings and the fuselage so that the wings could spin without spinning the fuselage. This was a great advance in the state of the art and created an aeroplane with some rather good low-speed characteristics.

Review of Hill (2019): The Historical Phonology of Tibetan, Burmese, and Chinese

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-311
Author(s):  
Giorgio (Georg) Orlandi
Keyword(s):  
Significant Contribution ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
General Introduction ◽  
Historical Phonology ◽  
Shared History ◽  
Systematic Exploration ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

Abstract The book under review serves as a significant contribution to the field of Trans-Himalayan linguistics. Designed as a vade mecum for readers with little linguistic background in these three languages, Nathan W. Hill’s work attempts, on the one hand, a systematic exploration of the shared history of Burmese, Tibetan and Chinese, and, on the other, a general introduction to the reader interested in obtaining an overall understanding of the state of the art of the historical phonology of these three languages. Whilst it is acknowledged that the book in question has the potential to be a solid contribution to the field, it is also felt that few minor issues can be also addressed.

Discovering the Past for Yourself

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jukka Tyrkkö
Keyword(s):  
Historical Data ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
The State ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Digital Pedagogy ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Corpus Tools

This chapter outlines the state of the art in corpus-based language teaching and digital pedagogy, focusing on the differences between using corpora with present-day and historical data. The basic concepts of corpus-based research such as representativeness, frequency, and statistical significance can be introduced to students who are new to corpus methods, and the application of these concepts to the history of English can deepen students’ understanding of how historical varieties of the language are researched. This chapter will also address some of the key challenges particular to teaching the history of English using corpora, such as dealing with the seemingly counterintuitive findings, non-standard features, and small datasets. Finally, following an overview of available historical corpora and corpus tools, several practical examples of corpus-driven activities will be discussed in detail, with suggestions and ideas on how a teacher might prepare and run corpus-based lessons.

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