MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF GEOPHYSICAL MAPS BY VIEWING IN THREE DIMENSIONS

Geophysics ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 396-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Parker Gay
Keyword(s):  
Optical System ◽  
Morphological Study ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Texture Recognition ◽  
Contour Map ◽  
Contour Maps ◽  
One Step

Stereo pairs of contour maps may be constructed by a process analogous to, but the inverse of, the process used to make contour maps from stereo pairs of aerial photographs. This construction can be carried out either manually or with computer plotting devices. The contoured stereo pairs are then viewed in three dimensions by a variety of methods: with lens or mirror stereoscopes, with bicolor anaglyphs in drafted, printed, or projected form, or by polarized light methods. Preferred techniques at present are 1) 5‐inch wide prints viewed by the mirror stereoscope, and 2) anaglyphic rear projection on a 3×4 ft screen. The advantages of studying complex contour maps in three dimensions are striking. The entire morphology of the map may be studied rapidly by the human optical system, the latter carrying out such functions as trend filtering, wavelength filtering, form and texture recognition, and location of linears almost simultaneously. Important features that are missed or seen with difficulty on the flat contour map become obvious in a three‐dimensional view, and may be studied further in detail by manual or computer techniques. The method appears to be a significant interpretational breakthrough, bringing us one step closer to a total interpretation, wherein all observable map features are correlated with their geological causes.

scholarly journals Analytical procedures for 3D mapping at the Photogeological Laboratory of the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland

2018 ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Vest Sørensen ◽  
Mads Dueholm
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Geological Survey ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
3D Mapping ◽  
Digital Version ◽  
Remote Sensing Technique ◽  
Small Frame ◽  
Analytical Procedures ◽  
Steep Terrain

Photogrammetry is a classical remote sensing technique dating back to the 19th century that allows geologists to make three-dimensional observations in two-dimensional images using human stereopsis. Pioneering work in the 1980s and 1990s (Dueholm 1992) combined the use of vertical (nadirlooking) aerial photographs with oblique stereo images from handheld small-frame cameras into so-called multi-model photogrammetry. This was a huge technological step forward that made it possible to map, in three dimensions, steep terrain that would otherwise be inaccessible or poorly resolved in conventional nadir-looking imagery. The development was fundamental to the mapping and investigation of e.g. the Nuussuaq basin (Pedersen et al. 2006). Digital photogrammetry, the all-digital version of multi-model photogrammetry, is nowadays an efficient and powerful geological tool that is used by the Photogeological Laboratory at the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) to address geological problems in a range of projects from 3D mapping to image-based surface reconstruction and orthophoto production. Here we present an updated description (complementary to Dueholm 1992) of the analytical procedures in the typical digital workflow used in current 3Dmapping projects at GEUS.

scholarly journals Reinventing Technology and Innovation Management using a Three Dimensional approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhilash Gopalakrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Innovation Management ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Technology And Innovation ◽  
Continuous Innovation ◽  
One Step ◽  
Change Trend ◽  
Road Mapping

<div>In recent years, we are observing turbulence across sectors of the economy, geography, technology or business. This turbulence manifests itself in multiple forms like megatrends, natural disasters and pandemics. The lifetimes of organizations reduced to twenty four years by 2016 and expected to be twelve years by 2027. We can see these changes across three dimensions of change as trend storms, rate of change and disruption. By identifying best practices across successful organizations we propose a three-dimensional canvas and approach of applying agility and leadership to deal with rate of change, trend analysis to take advantage of them and identifying and nurturing change-makers in the organization. Agility and the winning characteristics of inspirational leadership and operating like a network plays a pivotal role. Dissecting the maker revolution we set the stage for identifying and nurturing makers internally within the organization. We knit these elements together in the organizational fabric by using customer journey maps, data, and road-mapping. Integrating these, we propose a canvas and approach enabling one step towards continuous innovation. These tools will enable leaders and organizations to better integrating emerging technologies, trends and innovation into their execution strategies.</div>

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC DETERMINATION OF TERRAIN SLOPE USING SIMPLE EQUIPMENT

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-131
Author(s):  
G. WILSON
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Terrain Analysis ◽  
Terrain Mapping ◽  
Contour Map ◽  
Photo Interpretation ◽  
Aerial Photos ◽  
Contour Maps ◽  
Time Element

Slope is an important factor in terrain mapping and can be determined from contour maps or aerial photographs. Previously methods have been proposed to reduce the time element using contour maps. This paper describes and demonstrates a technique whereby aerial photographs can be used effectively when photogrammetric equipment and reliable contour maps are not available. Accuracy with the method is illustrated by comparison to slope determined from a contour map and a single computation sheet is provided for inclusion in a handbook or field guide. Key words: Slope measurement, terrain analysis, pedotechnical interpretations, aerial photos, photo interpretation, photogrammetry

A New Grating Non-Diffracting Structured Light for Three Dimensional Shape Measurement

2010 ◽  
Vol 139-141 ◽  
pp. 2010-2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Zhou Chen ◽  
Dan Qu ◽  
Li Ping Zhou ◽  
Jiang Hong Gan
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Optical System ◽  
Structured Light ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Focal Depth ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Strip Width ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Shape Measurement ◽  
Narrow Strip

A new method of actualizing grating non-diffracting structured light (GNSL) is proposed. The GNSL holds characters of long focal-depth, narrow strip-width, steady light field and constant light intensity in certain rang etc. Based on precise triangular-section prism, an optical system is designed and actualized experimentally. With theory analysis and calculation to the optical system, the distribution of the light intensity is simulated in non-diffracting range. Experiment results show that simulation is in good agreement with the theory calculation. According to system parameters, GNSL with 18um strip-width and 57cm non-diffracting range is produced in experimental system. Compared with traditional projected light source, GNSL has advantages of high resolution and high precision in the application of three dimensions (3D) shape measurement. By using GNSL, matching ambiguity could be reduced.

scholarly journals Reinventing Technology and Innovation Management using a Three Dimensional approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhilash Gopalakrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Innovation Management ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Technology And Innovation ◽  
Continuous Innovation ◽  
One Step ◽  
Change Trend ◽  
Road Mapping

<div>In recent years, we are observing turbulence across sectors of the economy, geography, technology or business. This turbulence manifests itself in multiple forms like megatrends, natural disasters and pandemics. The lifetimes of organizations reduced to twenty four years by 2016 and expected to be twelve years by 2027. We can see these changes across three dimensions of change as trend storms, rate of change and disruption. By identifying best practices across successful organizations we propose a three-dimensional canvas and approach of applying agility and leadership to deal with rate of change, trend analysis to take advantage of them and identifying and nurturing change-makers in the organization. Agility and the winning characteristics of inspirational leadership and operating like a network plays a pivotal role. Dissecting the maker revolution we set the stage for identifying and nurturing makers internally within the organization. We knit these elements together in the organizational fabric by using customer journey maps, data, and road-mapping. Integrating these, we propose a canvas and approach enabling one step towards continuous innovation. These tools will enable leaders and organizations to better integrating emerging technologies, trends and innovation into their execution strategies.</div>

convergent-beam diffraction from surfaces

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 30-33
Author(s):  
J. A. Eades ◽  
A. E. Smith ◽  
D. F. Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Reciprocal Lattice ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Grazing Incidence ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Plane Figure ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Convergent Beam ◽  
Beam Patterns ◽  
Beam Diffraction

It is quite simple (in the transmission electron microscope) to obtain convergent-beam patterns from the surface of a bulk crystal. The beam is focussed onto the surface at near grazing incidence (figure 1) and if the surface is flat the appropriate pattern is obtained in the diffraction plane (figure 2). Such patterns are potentially valuable for the characterization of surfaces just as normal convergent-beam patterns are valuable for the characterization of crystals.There are, however, several important ways in which reflection diffraction from surfaces differs from the more familiar electron diffraction in transmission.GeometryIn reflection diffraction, because of the surface, it is not possible to describe the specimen as periodic in three dimensions, nor is it possible to associate diffraction with a conventional three-dimensional reciprocal lattice.

Atomic Resolution in Crystal Aperture Stem

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 236-237
Author(s):  
J T Fourie
Keyword(s):  
Optical System ◽  
Spherical Aberration ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Transmission Function ◽  
Optical Systems ◽  
Bragg Angle ◽  
Electron Optical System ◽  
Intimate Contact ◽  
Diffraction Effects ◽  
Design Aspect

The attempts at improvement of electron optical systems to date, have largely been directed towards the design aspect of magnetic lenses and towards the establishment of ideal lens combinations. In the present work the emphasis has been placed on the utilization of a unique three-dimensional crystal objective aperture within a standard electron optical system with the aim to reduce the spherical aberration without introducing diffraction effects. A brief summary of this work together with a description of results obtained recently, will be given.The concept of utilizing a crystal as aperture in an electron optical system was introduced by Fourie who employed a {111} crystal foil as a collector aperture, by mounting the sample directly on top of the foil and in intimate contact with the foil. In the present work the sample was mounted on the bottom of the foil so that the crystal would function as an objective or probe forming aperture. The transmission function of such a crystal aperture depends on the thickness, t, and the orientation of the foil. The expression for calculating the transmission function was derived by Hashimoto, Howie and Whelan on the basis of the electron equivalent of the Borrmann anomalous absorption effect in crystals. In Fig. 1 the functions for a g220 diffraction vector and t = 0.53 and 1.0 μm are shown. Here n= Θ‒ΘB, where Θ is the angle between the incident ray and the (hkl) planes, and ΘB is the Bragg angle.

Extension of the Spatial PDI Model to Three Dimensions

1997 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-178
Author(s):  
Frank O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Finite Lattice ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Upper Bounds ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Lower And Upper Bounds ◽  
Density Index ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

The author's population density index ( PDI) model is extended to three-dimensional distributions. A derived formula is presented that allows for the calculation of the lower and upper bounds of density in three-dimensional space for any finite lattice.

Controllable Electrochemical Synthesis of Ag Hierarchical Micro/Nanostructures with High SERS-Activity

NANO ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (04) ◽  
pp. 2050043
Author(s):  
Huayu Zhou ◽  
Jingjing Wang ◽  
Qiong Yang ◽  
Menglei Chen ◽  
Changsheng Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indium Tin Oxide ◽  
Current System ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Constant Current ◽  
Localized Surface Plasmon ◽  
Excitation Wavelength ◽  
Raman Signal ◽  
Mixed Solution ◽  
Raman Enhancement ◽  
One Step

We report a one-step electrochemical deposition technique to prepare three-dimensional (3D) Ag hierarchical micro/nanostructured film consisting of well-crystallized Ag nanosheets grown on an indium tin oxide (ITO) conductive substrate. The Ag hierarchical micro/nanostructures were fabricated in the mixed solution of AgNO3 and sodium citrate in a constant current system at room temperature. Through reduction of Ag[Formula: see text] electrodeposited on the surface of ITO substrate, nanoparticles were grown to form nanosheets which further combined into 3D sphere-like microstructures. The 3D Ag micro/nanostructures have many sharp edges and nanoscale gaps which can give rise to good Raman-enhanced effect. Due to localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effects, these special Ag micro/nanostructures exhibited good Raman-enhanced performance. Using Rhodamine 6G (R6G) molecules as probe molecule, we studied the influence of excitation wavelength on Raman enhancement. The results showed that the 532[Formula: see text]nm excitation wavelength is the best to obtain the strongest Raman signal and to reduce the influence of other impurity peaks. Using the as-synthesized Ag hierarchical micro/nanostructures, we can detect the 10[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]mol/L R6G aqueous solution, exhibiting great Raman-enhanced effect.

scholarly journals Mass-resolved electronic circular dichroism ion spectroscopy

Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 368 (6498) ◽  
pp. 1465-1468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Daly ◽  
Frédéric Rosu ◽  
Valérie Gabelica
Keyword(s):  
Circular Dichroism ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Negative Ions ◽  
Data Interpretation ◽  
Electronic Circular Dichroism ◽  
Circularly Polarized Light ◽  
Chiral Compounds ◽  
Electron Photodetachment ◽  
Circular Dichroïsm

DNA and proteins are chiral: Their three-dimensional structures cannot be superimposed with their mirror images. Circular dichroism spectroscopy is widely used to characterize chiral compounds, but data interpretation is difficult in the case of mixtures. We recorded the electronic circular dichroism spectra of DNA helices separated in a mass spectrometer. We studied guanine-rich strands having various secondary structures, electrosprayed them as negative ions, irradiated them with an ultraviolet nanosecond optical parametric oscillator laser, and measured the difference in electron photodetachment efficiency between left and right circularly polarized light. The reconstructed circular dichroism ion spectra resembled those of their solution-phase counterparts, thereby allowing us to assign the DNA helical topology. The ability to measure circular dichroism directly on biomolecular ions expands the capabilities of mass spectrometry for structural analysis.

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