SOME GEOMETRICAL PROPERTIES OF RESIDUAL MAPS

Geophysics ◽  
1954 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles A. Swartz
Keyword(s):  
Amplitude Spectrum ◽  
Simple Type ◽  
Contour Map ◽  
Geometrical Properties ◽  
Contour Maps ◽  
Composite Maps ◽  
The Fourier Transform ◽  
Limiting Case ◽  
Geometrical Significance ◽  
Residual Maps

From well known mathematical theory it can be demonstrated that most contour maps may be considered to be built up by the superposition of a double infinity of elementary undulating surfaces, each of which has the form of a horizontal sinusoidally corrugated sheet, infinite in extent. These elementary surfaces may have all possible wave lengths, orientations, amplitudes, and phases. Several examples are given of simple mosaic‐type composite maps built up by combining only two such elementary surfaces in different ways. These resemble geophysical contour maps in many significant respects. Residual maps are often prepared by using a template procedure for computing the residual value at any point as a linear combination of several neighborhood values interpolated from the original map. An expression is derived for the Fourier transform of any residual map prepared in this way. This transform gives the amplitude spectrum of the residual map in terms of the amplitude spectrum of the original map and the geometry of the template pattern. It is applied to the special case of an original map of the two‐component mosaic variety mentioned above. The results are presented quantitatively in the form of attenuation, or filter, curves which show the amplitudes of the residual anomalies for various sizes and shapes of original anomalies, and for several different residual templates. The geometrical significance of “second derivative” maps is discussed, and it is shown that they may be prepared by a process which is a limiting case of applying a residual template pattern of very simple type. Attenuation curves are presented for several kinds of residual templates when applied to an idealized original contour map consisting of a single anomaly of various shapes. These filter curves are very similar to those for original maps of the simple mosaic type. It is concluded that, since most geophysical maps may be considered to be of a kind intermediate between these two extreme types, the attenuation curves given here may be useful for designing residual templates which will have desired selective characteristics.

VALMAP2.0: contour maps using the bond-valence-sum method

1999 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier González-Platas ◽  
Cristina González-Silgo ◽  
Catalina Ruiz-Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Arbitrary Point ◽  
Bond Valence ◽  
Steric Effects ◽  
Contour Map ◽  
Structural Investigations ◽  
Disorder Phase Transition ◽  
Contour Maps ◽  
Bond Valence Sum ◽  
Bond Valence Model ◽  
Microsoft Windows

VALMAP2.0 is a Microsoft-Windows-based program designed to assist material scientists in accurate structural investigations. The aim ofVALMAPis to calculate the sum of bond valences that a particular atom would have if it were placed at any arbitrary point in the crystal. By movement of this atom through all possible points, its valence-sum contour map can be displayed. Parameters of the bond-valence model are available and may be modified. The program was tested in a number of cases and two examples of applications are reported: (i) finding probable atom sites in crystal structures; (ii) displacive and order–disorder phase transition mechanisms, analysing steric effects.

Deriving Traffic-Performance Measures and Levels of Service from Second-Order Statistical Features of Spatiotemporal Traffic Contour Maps

2003 ◽  
Vol 1858 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherif Ishak
Keyword(s):  
Intelligent Transportation Systems ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
Performance Monitoring ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Level Of Service ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Contour Map ◽  
Contour Maps ◽  
Statistical Measures

Little information has been successfully extracted from the wealth of data collected by intelligent transportation systems. Such information is needed for the efficiency of operations and management functions of traffic-management centers. A new set of second-order statistical measures derived from texture characterization techniques in the field of digital image analysis is presented. The main objective is to improve the data-analysis tools used in performance-monitoring systems and assessment of level of service. The new measures can extract properties such as smoothness, homogeneity, regularity, and randomness in traffic operations directly from constructed spatiotemporal traffic contour maps. To avoid information redundancy, a correlation matrix was examined for nearly 14,000 15-min speed contour maps generated for a 3.4-mi freeway section over a period of 5 weekdays. The result was a set of three second-order measures: angular second moment, contrast, and entropy. Each measure was analyzed to examine its sensitivity to various traffic conditions, expressed by the overall speed mean of each contour map. The study also presented a tentative approach, similar to the conventional one used in the Highway Capacity Manual, to evaluate the level of service for each contour map. The new set of level-of-service criteria can be applied in real time by using a stand-alone module that was developed in the study. The module can be readily implemented online and allows traffic-management center operators to tune a large set of related parameters.

Developing Decision Boundaries for Left-Turn Treatments

2020 ◽  
Vol 2674 (5) ◽  
pp. 315-326
Author(s):  
Michael Adamson ◽  
Grant G. Schultz ◽  
Mitsuru Saito ◽  
Michael D. Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Final Decision ◽  
Contour Map ◽  
Left Turn ◽  
Contour Maps ◽  
Traffic Volumes ◽  
Decision Boundaries ◽  
Statistical Analysis Software

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the interaction of left-turn and opposing through traffic volumes for permitted and protected left-turn phasing at intersections and develop boundaries that help identify when to switch from permitted to protected phasing at signalized intersections. Permitted phasing allows vehicles to turn left after yielding to opposing vehicles; protected phasing provides an exclusive phase for vehicles to turn left without opposition; and protected-permitted phasing combines these phasing alternatives, allowing both permitted and protected turning movements. Intersections with 1, 2, and 3 opposing-lane configurations with permitted and protected-permitted models (split into green times of 10, 15, and 20 s) were analyzed for a total of 12 simulation models. Each model was divided into 100–225 different volume scenarios, with incremental increases in left-turn and opposing volumes. By exporting trajectory files from VISSIM and importing these into the Surrogate Safety Assessment Model, crossing conflicts for each volume combination in each model were extracted. MATLAB was then used to create contour maps representing the number of crossing conflicts per hour associated with different combinations of left-turn and opposing volume. Basic decision boundaries were examined in each contour map. Statistical analysis software was used to perform a linear regression analysis on transformed data and to develop natural log-based equations that form the decision boundaries for each configuration and phase alternative. These equations were graphed and final decision boundaries developed for the 1-, 2-, and 3-lane configurations between permitted and protected-permitted phasing as well as between protected-permitted and protected phasing.

scholarly journals Measurement and analysis of truck vibrations during off-road transportation

2018 ◽  
Vol 211 ◽  
pp. 13003
Author(s):  
Dariusz Grzesica
Keyword(s):  
Amplitude Spectrum ◽  
Road Transportation ◽  
The Road ◽  
Rate Acceleration ◽  
Measurement And Analysis ◽  
Vehicle Security ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Vertical Vibrations ◽  
The Fourier Transform ◽  
The Impact

Measurement of vibration of the vehicle on the road surface is one of the key elements of cargo and vehicle security. This paper provides results from transporting military cargo study that analyzed the various vibrations of acceleration during transport on a stony pavement road. The data include vibrations from three directions: longitudinal, transverse and vertical. Based on collected data the quantitative analysis of vibrations was conducted. The peak acceleration as well as the acceleration level was identified. The growth rate acceleration affecting the smoothness of driving and the impact of the vehicle on the stony surface were calculated. The study shows that the greatest impact on transporting cargo have vertical vibrations. In addition, using the Fourier transform, amplitude spectrum for all directions of oscillation was assigned.

Holographic contouring of fossil teeth

1987 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 1236-1241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart B. Elliott ◽  
William J. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Data Base ◽  
Holographic Interferometry ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Trend Surface Analysis ◽  
Contour Map ◽  
Trend Surface ◽  
Large Data Base ◽  
Contour Maps ◽  
Very Large Data Base

A method has been developed that uses holographic interferometry to generate contour maps of the occlusional surfaces of fossil teeth. The resulting contour map is, in itself, a valuable descriptive tool. In addition, it provides information for a very large data base, which has been used in trend-surface analysis and Q-mode clustering. As an example, these analytical techniques are applied to a set of Pliocene badger teeth. The same methods can be applied to any paleontological problem dealing with shapes of small objects.

MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF GEOPHYSICAL MAPS BY VIEWING IN THREE DIMENSIONS

Geophysics ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 396-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Parker Gay
Keyword(s):  
Optical System ◽  
Morphological Study ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Texture Recognition ◽  
Contour Map ◽  
Contour Maps ◽  
One Step

Stereo pairs of contour maps may be constructed by a process analogous to, but the inverse of, the process used to make contour maps from stereo pairs of aerial photographs. This construction can be carried out either manually or with computer plotting devices. The contoured stereo pairs are then viewed in three dimensions by a variety of methods: with lens or mirror stereoscopes, with bicolor anaglyphs in drafted, printed, or projected form, or by polarized light methods. Preferred techniques at present are 1) 5‐inch wide prints viewed by the mirror stereoscope, and 2) anaglyphic rear projection on a 3×4 ft screen. The advantages of studying complex contour maps in three dimensions are striking. The entire morphology of the map may be studied rapidly by the human optical system, the latter carrying out such functions as trend filtering, wavelength filtering, form and texture recognition, and location of linears almost simultaneously. Important features that are missed or seen with difficulty on the flat contour map become obvious in a three‐dimensional view, and may be studied further in detail by manual or computer techniques. The method appears to be a significant interpretational breakthrough, bringing us one step closer to a total interpretation, wherein all observable map features are correlated with their geological causes.

scholarly journals Road Defect Detection in Street View Images using Texture Descriptors and Contour Maps

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Abou Chacra ◽  
Henry Leopold ◽  
Jeremy Pinto ◽  
Norman Lunscher ◽  
Georges Younes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Defect Detection ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Contour Map ◽  
Contour Maps ◽  
Street View ◽  
Effective System ◽  
Crucial Part ◽  
Municipal Level ◽  
Novel Algorithm

Road quality assessment is a crucial part in municipalities’ workto maintain their infrastructure, plan upgrades, and manage theirbudgets. Properly maintaining this infrastructure relies heavily onconsistently monitoring its condition and deterioration over time.This can be a challenge, especially in larger towns and cities wherethere is a lot of city property to keep an eye on. We review roadquality assessment methods currently employed, and then describeour novel algorithm aimed at identifying distressed road regionsfrom street view images and pinpointing cracks within them. Wepredict distressed regions by computing Fisher vectors on localSIFT descriptors and classifying them with an SVM trained to distinguishbetween road qualities. We follow this step with a comparisonto a weighed contour map within these distressed regionsto identify exact crack and defect locations, and use the contourweights to predict the crack severity. Promising results are obtainedon our manually annotated dataset, which indicate the viability ofusing this cost-effective system to perform road quality assessmentat a municipal level.

EVALUATION TECHNIQUE TO DETERMINE RELATIVE ACCURACIES OF CONTOUR MAPS

Geophysics ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 860-867
Author(s):  
E. C. Kalkani
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Spline Approximation ◽  
Contour Map ◽  
Minimum Error ◽  
Contour Maps ◽  
Contouring Accuracy ◽  
Data Points ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Map Data

From the computer programs developed to contour geophysical data, the most appropriate is the one that reproduces the observation points with the minimum error. The evaluation method for a set of data points consists of determining the difference between the piecewise cubic spline approximation functions representing the original and contour map data along any given profile. This difference is evaluated along principal map directions in order to generate a measure of the contouring accuracy of these programs.

scholarly journals The Self-Potential Anomaly Produced by a Subsurface Flow at the Contact of Two Horizontal Layers and Its Quantitative Interpretation

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgios Aim. Skianis
Keyword(s):  
Amplitude Spectrum ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
The Self ◽  
Stratified Medium ◽  
Geothermal System ◽  
Direct Interpretation ◽  
Image Technique ◽  
The Fourier Transform ◽  
Self Potential ◽  
Horizontal Layers

In the present paper the problem of a polarized cylinder with a small cross-section, which is located at the contact of two horizontal layers with different resistivities, is studied. Such a polarization geometry simulates the self-potential (SP) field produced by a horizontal flow at the contact between the two layers. First, the expression of the self potential at the space domain is derived, applying the image technique. Then, the expression for the Fourier transform of the SP anomaly is found and the behavior of the amplitude spectrum is studied. Based on this study, a direct interpretation method at the spatial frequency domain is proposed, in order to calculate the depth of the flow and the reflection coefficient of the stratified medium. Experimentation with a synthetic model shows that the method works well (small deviations between true and calculated values). When the SP curve contains noise, deviations between calculated and true depths are smaller than those between calculated and true reflection coefficients. The proposed method, which is also applied on SP data from a geothermal system (Mauri et al., 2010), may be useful in detecting underground water or heat flows.

Skill in Map Reading and Memory for Maps

1988 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth J. Gilhooly ◽  
Michael Wood ◽  
Paul R. Kinnear ◽  
Caroline Green
Keyword(s):  
Memory Performance ◽  
Learning Objective ◽  
Process Tracing ◽  
Objective Measures ◽  
Verbal Protocols ◽  
Contour Map ◽  
Map Learning ◽  
Expected Effect ◽  
Map Reading ◽  
Contour Maps

Studies of expertise have typically shown that experts have better memory for materials from their fields than do novices. However, previous research on memory for maps has not shown the expected effect of expertise. The present study differed from previous studies by using contour maps as well as planimetric maps. In Experiment 1 the expected superiority in memory performance was found for skilled map readers when contour maps were used, but not when planimetric maps were used. In Experiment 2, the main results of Experiment 1 were replicated, and, in addition, process tracing data were obtained during both study and test phases of contour map learning. Objective measures of attentional and retrieval focussing revealed almost no differences between the skilled and unskilled subjects. However, analyses of verbal protocols showed that the skilled subjects made more use of specialist schemata, whereas the unskilled subjects spent more time in reading place names. During recall, the skilled subjects made more use of both specialist and “lay” schemata, whereas the unskilled retrieved more place-name information. The results are interpreted in terms of a schema-based approach to expertise.

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