scholarly journals Stigma-Based Rejection Experiences Affect Trust in Others

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 308-316
Author(s):  
Ming Zhang ◽  
Manuela Barreto ◽  
David Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Interaction Partner

Rejection experiences are likely to influence individuals’ subsequent feelings about others and their behavior in social interactions. The present study specifically examined whether stigma-based rejection leads to decreased trust in others, compared to rejections that are not stigma based. Trust was assessed behaviorally with an online task where the interaction partner was preprogrammed. Participants showed less trust after stigma-based rejection than after a nonstigma-based rejection. This research provides the first experimental evidence that stigma-based rejection uniquely influences trust in others.

scholarly journals The submissive chameleon: Third-party inferences from observing mimicry

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Genschow ◽  
Hans Alves
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Impression Management ◽  
Person Perception ◽  
Response Pattern ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Interaction Partner ◽  
Social Phenomenon ◽  
Interaction Partners

Past research has shown that mimicry has a number of pro-social consequences for interaction partners. However, such research has almost exclusively focused on its effects among interaction dyads. As social interactions are often witnessed by third-party observers, the question arises which inferences perceivers draw from observing mimicry. In the present work, we apply a third-party perspective to mimicry and test whether observers perceive mimicking individuals as submissive. Experiment 1 confirmed our prediction and found that observers perceived a mimicking person as less dominant, and thus more submissive, than a mimicked person. Experiment 2 replicated this finding and ruled out possible demand effects. Experiment 3 showed that when an interaction partner does not mimic the movements initiated by another person, the interaction partner gains dominance in the eye of the observer. Experiment 4 demonstrates that the inferences that perceivers draw from observing mimicry partly rely on a mere action-response pattern. These findings have not only important implications for mimicry as a genuinely social phenomenon, but also for research on impression management and person perception.

scholarly journals Associations between Empathy and Self-Conscious Emotions during Social Interactions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenna Gilchrist ◽  
David E. Conroy ◽  
Aaron L. Pincus ◽  
Nilam Ram
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Dynamic Process ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Cognitive Empathy ◽  
Interaction Partner ◽  
Affective Empathy ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Underlying Processes

Empathy can alter the emotional state of an individual, yet little is known about how empathy impacts emotions in daily life. This study investigated how cognitive and affective empathy experienced during social interactions was associated with pride and shame. Participants (N = 150) between 19-89 years of age (M = 47.64, SD = 18.85) completed three 21-day measurement bursts of experience sampling every 4.5 months. Following each of 64,111 interactions, participants rated the intensity of two emotional states (proud, ashamed) and their experience of cognitive and affective empathy for their interaction partner. Results from multilevel models indicated that, at the within-person level, greater momentary cognitive empathy was associated with dampened shame and increased pride whereas greater momentary affective empathy was associated with increased shame and pride. At the between-person level, people who reported more cognitive empathy overall reported less shame and greater pride, and people who reported more affective empathy overall also reported greater shame but not any more or less pride. The emotional consequences differ based on the valence of the emotion experienced for cognitive empathy but not for affective empathy. Empathy is a dynamic process with different underlying processes for cognitive and affective empathy.

Experimental evidence that grooming and play are social currency in bonobos and chimpanzees

Behaviour ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 152 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 545-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kara Schroepfer-Walker ◽  
Victoria Wobber ◽  
Brian Hare
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Relationship Formation ◽  
Social Currency ◽  
The One

While natural observations show apes use grooming and play as social currency, no experimental manipulations have been carried out to measure the effects of these behaviours on relationship formation in apes. While previous experiments have demonstrated apes quickly learn the identity of individuals who will provide food in a variety of cooperative and non-cooperative situations, no experiment has ever examined how grooming and play might shape the preferences of apes for different individuals. We gave a group bonobos () and chimpanzees () a choice between an unfamiliar human who had recently groomed or played with them and one who had not. Both species showed a preference for the unfamiliar human that had interacted with them over the one who did not. The effect was largely driven by the males of both species while interacting with females showed little effect on their preferences for unfamiliar humans. Subjects showed this preference even though they only had social interactions with one of the unfamiliar humans for a few minutes before each trial and their choices were not rewarded with food differentially. Our results support the long held idea that grooming and play act as a form of social currency in great apes (and likely many other species) that can rapidly shape social relationships, particularly between unfamiliar individuals.

Transient Loneliness and the Perceived Provision and Receipt of Capitalization Support Within Event-Disclosure Interactions

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-253
Author(s):  
Sarah N. Arpin ◽  
Cynthia D. Mohr
Keyword(s):  
Positive Affect ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Interaction Partner ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Induction Group ◽  
Perceived Responsiveness ◽  
Partner Perceptions ◽  
Insight Into

Research affirms that loneliness is a distressing experience with social-perceptual and behavioral consequences. Yet, little is known about consequences of transient loneliness, particularly within social interactions. The current study builds on reaffiliation motive and evolutionary models of state loneliness to investigate the effects of experimentally manipulated loneliness on individual and interaction partner perceptions during an event-sharing interaction, within 97 female dyads. Actor–partner interdependence mediation analyses revealed indirect effects for induction group (high vs. low loneliness) on positive affect, enjoyment, responsiveness, and partner positive affect, via induced state loneliness. Furthermore, state loneliness influenced actor and partner provision of responsiveness, via perceived responsiveness. Results reveal interpersonal consequences of transient loneliness, offering preliminary insight into conditions through which state perceptions of isolation may interfere with engagement in positive social interactions. Furthermore, implications for previously theorized evolutionary models of state loneliness and the reaffiliation motive are discussed.

The Effect of the Social Mismatch between Staff Auditors and Client Management on the Collection of Audit Evidence

2012 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Bradley Bennett ◽  
Richard C. Hatfield
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Audit Quality ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Email Communication ◽  
The Social ◽  
Audit Evidence ◽  
Client Management ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Staff Level

ABSTRACT: This study provides both survey and experimental evidence to consider how social interactions between staff-level auditors and client management may affect staff auditors' perceptions and influence their decisions regarding the collection of audit evidence. During fieldwork, staff-level auditors have extensive interaction with client management. Survey evidence suggests that these staff-level auditors are often “mismatched” with client management, in terms of their experience, age, and accounting knowledge. Experimental results indicate that staff-level auditors may reduce the extent to which they collect evidence to avoid these interactions. Finally, the use of email communication with client management helped to mitigate the reduction in evidence collected caused by avoiding in-person interactions. Interestingly, when not collecting all the evidence, approximately half of the participants documented their findings in a vague or inappropriate manner, which would likely reduce the likelihood that reviewing auditors would identify a problem. Given the extent of audit evidence collected by young staff auditors, these findings have direct implications for workpaper and audit quality. Data Availability: Data and materials used in this study are available upon request.

scholarly journals Gaze Following in Ungulates: Domesticated and Non-domesticated Species Follow the Gaze of Both Humans and Conspecifics in an Experimental Context

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alina Schaffer ◽  
Alvaro L. Caicoya ◽  
Montserrat Colell ◽  
Ruben Holland ◽  
Conrad Ensenyat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Gaze Following ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Food Location ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Experimental Context ◽  
Individual Ability ◽  
The Individual

Gaze following is the ability to use others’ gaze to obtain information about the environment (e.g., food location, predators, and social interactions). As such, it may be highly adaptive in a variety of socio-ecological contexts, and thus be widespread across animal taxa. To date, gaze following has been mostly studied in primates, and partially in birds, but little is known on the gaze following abilities of other taxa and, especially, on the evolutionary pressures that led to their emergence. In this study, we used an experimental approach to test gaze following skills in a still understudied taxon, ungulates. Across four species (i.e., domestic goats and lamas, and non-domestic guanacos and mouflons), we assessed the individual ability to spontaneously follow the gaze of both conspecifics and human experimenters in different conditions. In line with our predictions, species followed the model’s gaze both with human and conspecific models, but more likely with the latter. Except for guanacos, all species showed gaze following significantly more in the experimental conditions (than in the control ones). Despite the relative low number of study subjects, our study provides the first experimental evidence of gaze following skills in non-domesticated ungulates, and contributes to understanding how gaze following skills are distributed in another taxon—an essential endeavor to identify the evolutionary pressures leading to the emergence of gaze following skills across taxa.

How do memory modules differentially contribute to familiarity and recollection?

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olya Hakobyan ◽  
Sen Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Memory Modules ◽  
Familiarity And Recollection ◽  
Memory Contents

Abstract We fully support dissociating the subjective experience from the memory contents in recognition memory, as Bastin et al. posit in the target article. However, having two generic memory modules with qualitatively different functions is not mandatory and is in fact inconsistent with experimental evidence. We propose that quantitative differences in the properties of the memory modules can account for the apparent dissociation of recollection and familiarity along anatomical lines.

Redox Reactions in Lipid Membranes as a Model for Primordial Energy-Conserving Systems

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 437-442
Author(s):  
Salvatore Di Bernardo ◽  
Romana Fato ◽  
Giorgio Lenaz
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Lipid Membranes ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Redox Reactions ◽  
Living Systems ◽  
Asymmetric Distribution ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Asymmetrical Distribution ◽  
Energy Conserving ◽  
Living Organisms

AbstractOne of the peculiar aspects of living systems is the production and conservation of energy. This aspect is provided by specialized organelles, such as the mitochondria and chloroplasts, in developed living organisms. In primordial systems lacking specialized enzymatic complexes the energy supply was probably bound to the generation and maintenance of an asymmetric distribution of charged molecules in compartmentalized systems. On the basis of experimental evidence, we suggest that lipophilic quinones were involved in the generation of this asymmetrical distribution of charges through vectorial redox reactions across lipid membranes.

A Method for Setting the Clearance Angle

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 388-389
Author(s):  
Michael T. Bucek ◽  
Howard J. Arnott
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Light Source ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Clearance Angle ◽  
Crude Approximation ◽  
Ultrathin Sections

It is believed by the authors, with supporting experimental evidence, that as little as 0.5°, or less, knife clearance angle may be a critical factor in obtaining optimum quality ultrathin sections. The degree increments located on the knife holder provides the investigator with only a crude approximation of the angle at which the holder is set. With the increments displayed on the holder one cannot set the clearance angle precisely and reproducibly. The ability to routinely set this angle precisely and without difficulty would obviously be of great assistance to the operator. A device has been contrived to aid the investigator in precisely setting the clearance angle. This device is relatively simple and is easily constructed. It consists of a light source and an optically flat, front surfaced mirror with a minute black spot in the center. The mirror is affixed to the knife by placing it permanently on top of the knife holder.

Introductory Remarks

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 598-599
Author(s):  
H. Mohri
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Contraction ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Constant Length ◽  
Thin Filaments ◽  
Bridge Formation ◽  
Thick Filaments ◽  
Sliding Mechanism ◽  
Radial Spokes ◽  
Cilia And Flagella

In 1959, Afzelius observed the presence of two rows of arms projecting from each outer doublet microtubule of the so-called 9 + 2 pattern of cilia and flagella, and suggested a possibility that the outer doublet microtubules slide with respect to each other with the aid of these arms during ciliary and flagellar movement. The identification of the arms as an ATPase, dynein, by Gibbons (1963)strengthened this hypothesis, since the ATPase-bearing heads of myosin molecules projecting from the thick filaments pull the thin filaments by cross-bridge formation during muscle contraction. The first experimental evidence for the sliding mechanism in cilia and flagella was obtained by examining the tip patterns of molluscan gill cilia by Satir (1965) who observed constant length of the microtubules during ciliary bending. Further evidence for the sliding-tubule mechanism was given by Summers and Gibbons (1971), using trypsin-treated axonemal fragments of sea urchin spermatozoa. Upon the addition of ATP, the outer doublets telescoped out from these fragments and the total length reached up to seven or more times that of the original fragment. Thus, the arms on a certain doublet microtubule can walk along the adjacent doublet when the doublet microtubules are disconnected by digestion of the interdoublet links which connect them with each other, or the radial spokes which connect them with the central pair-central sheath complex as illustrated in Fig. 1. On the basis of these pioneer works, the sliding-tubule mechanism has been established as one of the basic mechanisms for ciliary and flagellar movement.

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