scholarly journals LOCALIZATION OF MITOCHONDRIAL ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY IN CULTURED HUMAN CELLS

1965 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 647-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
EDWARD ESSNER ◽  
JØRGEN FOGH ◽  
PATRICIA FABRIZIO
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Mitochondrial Membrane ◽  
Adenosine Triphosphatase ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Enzyme Reaction ◽  
Outer Mitochondrial Membrane ◽  
Adenosine Triphosphatase Activity ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Cultured Human Cells ◽  
Membrane Reaction

Adenosine triphosphatase activity has been localized by light microscopy in the mitochondria of four different types of cultured cells using the Wachstein-Meisel lead method after brief fixation in formol-calcium. The resolutions of the method permits the study of mitochondrial size, form, number and distributions in these cultured cells. Electron microscopy shows enzyme reaction product within the mitochondrion but not on the outer mitochondrial membrane. Reaction product is also localized to the plasma membrane and its infoldings.

The Birth and Death of a Neuron

The Neuron ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 329-352
Author(s):  
Irwin B. Levitan ◽  
Leonard K. Kaczmarek
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins ◽  
Mitochondrial Membrane ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Outer Mitochondrial Membrane ◽  
Programmed Death ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Specific Neuron

The development of the nervous system requires the participation of a variety of factors that influence neuronal determination, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. The earliest steps in the formation of a neuron involve the actions of factors such as the bone morphogenetic proteins and neural inducers. Acting on cells that still have the potential to develop into many different types of cells, these factors control the synthesis of transcription factors and determine whether the complement of genes that becomes activated corresponds to those required for building a neuron. The birth of new neurons occurs at a high rate early in development, but in some brain regions persists in adults. The normal formation of the nervous system also requires the programmed death of many neurons. Decisions as to whether a specific neuron survives or perishes during development are made by factors that control the permeability of the outer mitochondrial membrane.

Localization of the Bcl-2 Protein to the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane by Electron Microscopy

1995 ◽  
Vol 221 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Giovanna Riparbelli ◽  
Giuliano Callaini ◽  
Sergio Antonio Tripodi ◽  
Marcella Cintorino ◽  
Piero Tosi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Mitochondrial Membrane ◽  
Outer Mitochondrial Membrane

scholarly journals SENNA PLANT INDUCES DISRUPTION ON THE MITOCHONDRIA OF HYMENOLEPIS DIMINUTA

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
Bidisha Ukil ◽  
Saptarshi Roy ◽  
Suranjana Nandi ◽  
Larisha M. Lyndem
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Mitochondrial Membrane ◽  
Standard Dose ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Outer Mitochondrial Membrane ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Dose Concentration ◽  
Energy Synthesis ◽  
Senna Alata

Objective: The present study aims at observing the effects of three species of Senna plants, viz. Senna alata, S. alexandrina and S. occidentalis on the ultrastructure of the mitochondria of the tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta.Methods: Worms were treated with leaf extracts of the three plant species with a standard dose concentration of 40 mg/ml and keeping one group of parasites in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) as a control. The parasites from control and treated medium were simultaneously removed after the loss of motility and fixed in 3% gluteraldehyde. They were processed for ultramicrograph observations of the worm’s mitochondria with special reference to shape and cytoplasm through transmission electron microscopy (TEM).Results: The study showed loss of architecture in the outer mitochondrial membrane. The inner membrane became distorted with inconspicuous cristae and matrix became lucent in all plant treated worms compared to control. Amongst the three plants, S. alexandrina showed overall distortion in the shape leading to bloating of mitochondria.Conclusion: The observations depict pronounced alterations in the structure of mitochondria, thus signifying depletion of energy synthesis in the parasite. Senna plant could, therefore, be a potent anthelmintic alternative.

scholarly journals ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY IN RAT BRAIN FOLLOWING DIFFERENTIAL FIXATION WITH FORMALDEHYDE, GLUTARALDEHYDE, AND HYDROXYADIPALDEHYDE

1965 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICHARD M. TORACK
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Adenosine Triphosphatase ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Formalin Fixation ◽  
Adenosine Triphosphatase Activity ◽  
Chemical Inhibition ◽  
Rat Cerebrum ◽  
The Brain

Differential fixation of rat brain has been described using formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde and hydroxyadipaldehyde by perfusion or prolonged immersion. Fixation by prolonged immersion appears preferable since it produces a similar result with greater simplicity. Distribution of reaction product resulting from adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis in these fixed brains appears different and characteristic for each of these fixatives when they are used in this manner. More adenosine triphosphatase activity in rat brain was observed following formalin fixation than after fixation with either glutaraldehyde on hydroxyadipaldehyde; in this respect formalin fixation is recommended for over-all study of adenosine triphosphatase activity in the brain. The use of glutaraldehyde and hydroxyadipaldehyde seems indicated when study of enzymes surviving these fixatives is desired. Beside varying inactivation by different aldehyde fixatives, adenosine triphosphatase activity of rat brain has been characterized by distinct substrate preference and by chemical inhibition. Specificity of adenosine triphosphatase localization in rat cerebrum by electron microscopy seems enhanced by such differential fixation since differences in enzymatic activity not previously apparent can he recognized in closely related structures such as components of the blood-brain barrier. Since adenosine triphosphatase activity of astroglia in corpus callosum as well as in subpial and subependymal glial networks is glutaraldehyde resistant, an enzymatic similarity perhaps related to their physiological activity is indicated in these cells. Astroglia of cortex evince enzyme activity that survives only formalin fixation, suggesting a different function for cortical astrocytes. The enzymatic activity of oligodendrocytes appears to be a diphosphatase inactivated by glutaraldehyde and hydroxyadipaldehyde, and in this is strikingly similar to diphosphatase of Golgi apparatus.

Tetramethyl Rhodamine Methyl Ester (TMRM) is Suitable for Cytofluorometric Measurements of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Cells Treated with Digitonin

1999 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Floryk ◽  
Josef Houštêk
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Potential ◽  
Mitochondrial Membrane Potential ◽  
Mitochondrial Membrane ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Antimycin A ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Cell Systems ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Model Cell ◽  
The Stability

A new method for cytofluorometric analysis of mitochondrial membrane potential ΔΨ has been developed by using TMRM as a cationic, mitochondrial selective probe. The method is based on limited treatment of cultured cells with digitonin which permeabilises the plasma membrane and leaves mitochondria intact. The resulting signal of TMRM-stained cells thus represents only the probe accumulated in mitochondria. Fibroblasts and cybrids were used as a model cell systems and optimal conditions for digitonin treatment and staining by TMRM were described. The TMRM signal collapsed by valinomycin, KCN and antimycin A and FCCP titration was used to gradually lower ΔΨ and characterise the stability of ΔΨ. The method is suitable for sensitive measurement of ΔΨ in different types of cultured cells.

Factors Affecting the Inhibitor Sensitivity of the Mitochondrial Membrane-Bound Adenosine Triphosphatase Activity

1974 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. PARTIS ◽  
A. D. MITCHELL ◽  
J. WHITEHEAD ◽  
J. F. DONNELLAN ◽  
P. E. LINNETT ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Membrane ◽  
Adenosine Triphosphatase ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Adenosine Triphosphatase Activity ◽  
Membrane Bound

Lead aspartate: a new en bloc stain for electron microscopy

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-35
Author(s):  
J.R. Walton
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Calcium Ion ◽  
Enzyme Reaction ◽  
Lead Citrate ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
En Bloc ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Lead Salts ◽  
Thin Sectioning ◽  
High Alkalinity

In electron microscopy, lead is the metal most widely used for enhancing specimen contrast. Lead citrate requires a pH of 12 to stain thin sections of epoxy-embedded material rapidly and intensively. However, this high alkalinity tends to leach out enzyme reaction products, making lead citrate unsuitable for many cytochemical studies. Substitution of the chelator aspartate for citrate allows staining to be carried out at pH 6 or 7 without apparent effect on cytochemical products. Moreover, due to the low, controlled level of free lead ions, contamination-free staining can be carried out en bloc, prior to dehydration and embedding. En bloc use of lead aspartate permits the grid-staining step to be bypassed, allowing samples to be examined immediately after thin-sectioning.Procedures. To prevent precipitation of lead salts, double- or glass-distilled H20 used in the stain and rinses should be boiled to drive off carbon dioxide and glassware should be carefully rinsed to remove any persisting traces of calcium ion.

Study of the Molecular Architecture of Keratin Filaments by Electron Microscopy

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 118-119
Author(s):  
U. Aebi ◽  
P. Rew ◽  
T.-T. Sun
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Molecular Architecture ◽  
The Past ◽  
Keratin Filaments ◽  
Different Types ◽  
10 Nm Filaments ◽  
Different Cell Types

Various types of intermediate-sized (10-nm) filaments have been found and described in many different cell types during the past few years. Despite the differences in the chemical composition among the different types of filaments, they all yield common structural features: they are usually up to several microns long and have a diameter of 7 to 10 nm; there is evidence that they are made of several 2 to 3.5 nm wide protofilaments which are helically wound around each other; the secondary structure of the polypeptides constituting the filaments is rich in ∞-helix. However a detailed description of their structural organization is lacking to date.

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