Infants’ background television exposure during play: Negative relations to the quantity and quality of mothers’ speech and infants’ vocabulary acquisition

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elise Frank Masur ◽  
Valerie Flynn ◽  
Janet Olson
Keyword(s):  
Vocabulary Acquisition ◽  
Television Exposure ◽  
Background Television

Failures of intercultural communication caused by translating from Chinese into English

English Today ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
NAITING DONG
Keyword(s):  
Intercultural Communication ◽  
Vocabulary Acquisition ◽  
English Education ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Direct Translation ◽  
Central Argument ◽  
Technical Terms

In recent years, there has been a heated discussion as to the quality of English education in mainland China. The central argument has been that, although children begin to learn English at the age of ten, and continue the study throughout their education, when they communicate with English native speakers they have difficulties both in understanding and in making themselves understood. English native speakers may also have difficulty understanding them, for reasons that include direct translation from Chinese into English, especially as regards everyday Chinese administrative and technical terms. This paper analyses this problem in terms of both vocabulary acquisition and translation.

scholarly journals Preschoolers’ vocabulary acquisition in Chile: the roles of socioeconomic status and quality of home environment

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina T. LOHNDORF ◽  
Harriet. J. VERMEER ◽  
Rodrigo A. CÁRCAMO ◽  
Judi MESMAN
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Home Environment ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Vocabulary Acquisition ◽  
School Achievement ◽  
Receptive Vocabulary ◽  
Investment Model ◽  
Expressive Vocabulary ◽  
Lower Middle Class

AbstractPreschoolers’ vocabulary acquisition sets the stage for later reading ability and school achievement. This study examined the role of socioeconomic status (SES) and the quality of the home environment of seventy-seven Chilean majority and Mapuche minority families from low and lower-middle-class backgrounds in explaining individual differences in vocabulary acquisition of their three-and-a-half-year-old children. Additionally, we investigated whether the relation between SES and receptive and expressive vocabulary was mediated by the quality of the home environment as the Family Investment Model suggests. The quality of the home environment significantly predicted receptive and expressive vocabulary above and beyond ethnicity, SES, parental caregiver status, and quantity of daycare. Furthermore, the quality of the home environment mediated the relation between SES and expressive and receptive vocabulary acquisition.

scholarly journals Zastosowanie badań eksperymentalnych w nauczaniu jęz yków obcych na prz ykładzie prz yswajania słownictwa

Neofilolog ◽  
1970 ◽  
pp. 265-274
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Mac
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Vocabulary Acquisition ◽  
Vocabulary Development ◽  
Traditional Classroom ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Multimedia Environment ◽  
Research Problems

The aim of experimental research is to check if an assumed dependency can actually be evidenced in the learning process; to determine the extent to which this can be applied, as well as to determine the quality of the influence of the experimental factor on the outcomes. In other words, did the improvement in fact happen and what increase in effects, or the time taken to achieve them, can be expected. As research problems vary, different research approaches are used. In this paper a classic experimental design with pretest and posttest and a control group will be discussed. This is illustrated using an example of research on vocabulary acquisition. The research discussed compares vocabulary development in the traditional classroom with a multimedia environment.

scholarly journals The Effects of Background Television on the Quantity and Quality of Child-Directed Speech by Parents

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiffany A. Pempek ◽  
Heather L. Kirkorian ◽  
Daniel R. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Background Television

Immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in positively stained frozen sections

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-169
Author(s):  
K. T. Tokuyasu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ultrathin Frozen Sections ◽  
Definition Of

During the past investigations of immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in ultrathin frozen sections, we found that the degree of negative staining required to delineate u1trastructural details was often too dense for the recognition of ferritin particles. The quality of positive staining of ultrathin frozen sections, on the other hand, has generally been far inferior to that attainable in conventional plastic embedded sections, particularly in the definition of membranes. As we discussed before, a main cause of this difficulty seemed to be the vulnerability of frozen sections to the damaging effects of air-water surface tension at the time of drying of the sections.Indeed, we found that the quality of positive staining is greatly improved when positively stained frozen sections are protected against the effects of surface tension by embedding them in thin layers of mechanically stable materials at the time of drying (unpublished).

Lithography below 100 nm

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 96-99
Author(s):  
L. D. Jackel
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Scattering ◽  
Electron Beam Lithography ◽  
Substrate Material ◽  
Local Electron ◽  
Electron Dose ◽  
Positive Resist ◽  
Exposure Process

Most production electron beam lithography systems can pattern minimum features a few tenths of a micron across. Linewidth in these systems is usually limited by the quality of the exposing beam and by electron scattering in the resist and substrate. By using a smaller spot along with exposure techniques that minimize scattering and its effects, laboratory e-beam lithography systems can now make features hundredths of a micron wide on standard substrate material. This talk will outline sane of these high- resolution e-beam lithography techniques.We first consider parameters of the exposure process that limit resolution in organic resists. For concreteness suppose that we have a “positive” resist in which exposing electrons break bonds in the resist molecules thus increasing the exposed resist's solubility in a developer. Ihe attainable resolution is obviously limited by the overall width of the exposing beam, but the spatial distribution of the beam intensity, the beam “profile” , also contributes to the resolution. Depending on the local electron dose, more or less resist bonds are broken resulting in slower or faster dissolution in the developer.

Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 304-315
Author(s):  
G. Lehmpfuhl
Keyword(s):  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
Crystal Surface ◽  
Diffraction Spot ◽  
Crystal Thickness ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Microscopic Investigations

Introduction In electron microscopic investigations of crystalline specimens the direct observation of the electron diffraction pattern gives additional information about the specimen. The quality of this information depends on the quality of the crystals or the crystal area contributing to the diffraction pattern. By selected area diffraction in a conventional electron microscope, specimen areas as small as 1 µ in diameter can be investigated. It is well known that crystal areas of that size which must be thin enough (in the order of 1000 Å) for electron microscopic investigations are normally somewhat distorted by bending, or they are not homogeneous. Furthermore, the crystal surface is not well defined over such a large area. These are facts which cause reduction of information in the diffraction pattern. The intensity of a diffraction spot, for example, depends on the crystal thickness. If the thickness is not uniform over the investigated area, one observes an averaged intensity, so that the intensity distribution in the diffraction pattern cannot be used for an analysis unless additional information is available.

Observability of Very Thick Specimen by Using Transmission Scanning Electron Microscope

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
K. Shibatomi ◽  
T. Yamanoto ◽  
H. Koike
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Image Quality ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
Image Contrast ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Thick Specimen ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

In the observation of a thick specimen by means of a transmission electron microscope, the intensity of electrons passing through the objective lens aperture is greatly reduced. So that the image is almost invisible. In addition to this fact, it have been reported that a chromatic aberration causes the deterioration of the image contrast rather than that of the resolution. The scanning electron microscope is, however, capable of electrically amplifying the signal of the decreasing intensity, and also free from a chromatic aberration so that the deterioration of the image contrast due to the aberration can be prevented. The electrical improvement of the image quality can be carried out by using the fascionating features of the SEM, that is, the amplification of a weak in-put signal forming the image and the descriminating action of the heigh level signal of the background. This paper reports some of the experimental results about the thickness dependence of the observability and quality of the image in the case of the transmission SEM.

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